The article opens the basic issues of ethics in the case of
collection-creating and presentation activity of museums. It defines the contemporary position of museums within the modern information society as a space for memory transformation. It points out the ethical dimension of curator’s work, whose presentation and interpretation results are connected with the institution
more than elsewhere. The interpretation as well as the involvement
of the public into this activity is a fundamentally ethical task of the museum as a memory institution. In this connection, the running discussion concerns the model of the community museum or “eco-museum” as an institution that is defined by its relation to the organism (the museum) and its environment (the society). This institution distinguishes itself by the ability to respond to or to adapt itself to the conditions and to create a wide network of social relations.
A workshop on Ethics of Science in Czech Republic - the present state and its historical roots was organised by the Institute of Philosophy of the ASCR on February 9, 2010. The aim of the course was to discuss important topics, such as ethical aspects of managing and financing science in the Czech Republic, questions of bioethics and the ethics of science in the context of Czech thinking in the 20th century. and Wendy Drozenová.
This paper considers various approaches to love and morality in Protestant society in the late 18th century, as illustrated in Czechlanguage religious and educational literature (Korunka, aneb Wjnek Pannenský wssechněm pobožným a sslechetným Pannám toho Gazyku užjwagjcým, Litomyšl 1784; Kazatel Domovnj, Brno 1783). Our focus is on divine love, man’s love of God, marital love, parental and filial love, and definitions of immorality. We also examine some contemporary reactions to religious and educational writings in the memoirs of one of their readers, the rural preacher and Bible scholar Tomáš Juren (1750-1829), as well as the differences between the Christian confessions in their attitude to the emotions., Sixtus Bolom-Kotari., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Práce shrnuje vybrané současné postoje ke studiu morálního usuzování. Studie uvádí určitá klíčová filosofická východiska morálního usuzování do souvislosti s některými psychologickými koncepcemi, a to tak, že kriticky polemizuje s filosofickými východisky (Kant, Mill, Bentham, Rawl, Arendtová aj.), která tyto psychologické studie výslovně tematicky či la- tentně předpokládají. Práce podporuje měření morálního usuzování a pokusy o vypracování metod, které se touto oblastí zabývají. Doporučuje domácí validizační studie současných často užívaných nástrojů na měření morálního usuzování, především Defining Issues Test a Moral Judgment Test., This paper summarizes selected current attitudes towards the study of moral reasoning. The study refers certain key philosophical bases of moral reasoning in connection/regard to psychological concepts. The authors critically challenge the philosophical background (Kant, Mill, Bentham, Rawls, Arendt, etc.) that is either specifically expressed or covertly assumed. The study argues for the measurement of moral reasoning and methodological approaches concerning this research area. The authors recommend conducting a validation study of frequently used methods for measuring moral reasoning, especially Defining Issues Test and the Moral Judgment Test., David Krámský, Marek Preiss., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Art of seeing, John Rajchman argues in his essay, was in the center of Michel Foucault’s critical attention as well as practice. Foucault himself was a visual thinker and writer. More importantly, however, the ways in which historically changing vision determines not only what is seen, but what can be seen, are one of his major concerns. Rupture with self-evidences is then the first step one must take to make the invisible - yet not hidden - power visible. The invisibility of power, seen as the invisible light that makes other things visible, is what makes it tolerable. Knowledge and the practice of knowing themselves are constructed by the technology of the visual, such as the different types of spaces that bring about specific visibility. In Foucault’s histories, the prison or the clinic are such spaces that have visualized criminality, sexuality or madness in particular manner. However, problematization of these things needs to go beyond new ways of looking at them and has to question their entire field of vision. This implies that Foucauldian ethics is less concerned with what we do about things themselves, instead, it rather asks how we see them in the first place and how can they be seen differently. It thus requires not to look within us, on the contrary, we should look out, from outside of ourselves., John Rajchman., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This article aims to commemorate the lifelong work of Harry Harlow (31.10. 1905 – 6. 12. 1981) on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of his death. Although Harry Harlow is best known mainly for his experiments with maternal separation and social isolation, his research in the field of cognitive abilities of primates also received great scientific acclaim. The results of his work contributed to the revolution in childcare as well as to the shift in the prevailing approaches of psychology, but the ethics of his experiments is questionable from the contemporary point of view. and Článek připomíná celoživotní dílo Harryho Harlowa (31. 10. 1905 – 6. 12. 1981) u příležitosti 40. výročí jeho úmrtí. Ačkoli se Harry Harlow zapsal do povědomí zejména svými experimenty s mateřskou separací a sociální izolací, velkého vědeckého ohlasu se dočkal i jeho výzkum kognitivních schopností primátů. Výsledky jeho práce přispěly k revoluci v péči o děti i k posunu v převládajících směrech psy-chologie, jeho experimenty jsou však z dneš-ního pohledu etiky psychologického výzkumu velmi problematické.
The article analyses the terms ''value'' and ''explanation'' as used in ethical studies, offers a critique of this usage and an alternative, pragmatically oriented semantics of ethical terms, based on the illocutionary act of judging. The term ''value'' is supposed to describe a super-predicate common to both ethical and aesthetical value judgments. However, the traditional over-reliance on the copulative predication and the idea that language describes reality lead to a one-sided view of ethical terms, and a construction of sentences like ''The intentional torturing of little children is morally wrong'', whose pragmatic function, and consequently meaning, is very unclear. If, on the other hand, we take as our paradigm the act of judging (in the literal sense of a judge presiding over a case) we will be able to sketch a new, lighter ethics which, admittedly, falls short of the traditional demands placed on this discipline, but whose semantics is closer to the actual words used in expressing approval and disapproval., Článek analyzuje pojmy ,,hodnota'' a ,,vysvětlení'' používané v etických studiích, nabízí kritiku tohoto užití a alternativní, pragmaticky orientovanou sémantiku etických pojmů, založenou na iluminačním aktu soudnictví. Termín ,,hodnota'' má popisovat super-predikát společný jak pro etické, tak pro estetické hodnoty. Avšak tradiční přehnané spoléhání se na kopulační predikci a myšlenka, že jazyk popisuje realitu, vede k jednostrannému pohledu na etické pojmy a konstrukci vět jako ,,úmyslné mučení malých dětí je morálně špatné'', jehož pragmatická funkce a tudíž význam, je velmi nejasný. Pokud na druhou stranu vezmeme jako naše paradigma akt posuzování (v doslovném smyslu soudce předsedajícího případu), budeme schopni načrtnout novou, lehčí etiku,což, uznávám, nenaplňuje tradiční požadavky kladené na této disciplíny, ale jejichž sémantika je blíž ke skutečné slova používaná v projeví souhlas a nesouhlas., and Marek Tomeček
This article aims to reconstruct Taylor’s concept of strong evaluation as a model of practical rationality. The concept of strong evaluation offers an attractive alternative to proceduralism, whether of a utilitarian or Kantian type, because it enables specific moral claims to be legitimised in the life of a person, and their justification does not abstract from the motivation of the person who lives in harmony with these standards. The sense of the concept of strong evaluation consists in its ability to highlight the all-transcending nature of values and evaluation in the real life. We will seek a response to the question of whether Taylor’s interpretation of the concept of strong evaluation is sufficiently broad as to cover the three relevant components of ethics: the question of values, moral norms and moral evaluation. With respect to this question we will also give an overview of Laitinen’s reinterpretation of this concept which, on the view of the author, illuminates the inner relations between the subject and morality and, by a treatment of the nature of moral norms in concepts or reasons for actions (as distinguished from the Kantian grounding of morality), points to the complementary nature of values and moral norms., Zuzana Palovičová., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Th is article considers the relevance of the ideas of Soviet jurist Evgeny Pashukanis for debates about the relationship between Marxism and justice. In particular, it employs these ideas as a criticism of those who seek to supplement Marx’s critique of capitalism with liberal theories of justice, paradigmatically those of John Rawls. Pashukanis’s analysis of the legal form as a kind of fetish, arising on the basis of capitalist relations of production, opens up the possibility of a similar criticism of theories of justice. Th is involves more than just the familiar critique that such theories are ideological; Pashukanis suggests an approach that recognises the practical eff ectiveness of theories of justice while also recognising their limits from the perspective of radical critique. Th is new approach allows for a better understanding of how theories of justice might form part of radical theory and practice today.