Art of seeing, John Rajchman argues in his essay, was in the center of Michel Foucault’s critical attention as well as practice. Foucault himself was a visual thinker and writer. More importantly, however, the ways in which historically changing vision determines not only what is seen, but what can be seen, are one of his major concerns. Rupture with self-evidences is then the first step one must take to make the invisible - yet not hidden - power visible. The invisibility of power, seen as the invisible light that makes other things visible, is what makes it tolerable. Knowledge and the practice of knowing themselves are constructed by the technology of the visual, such as the different types of spaces that bring about specific visibility. In Foucault’s histories, the prison or the clinic are such spaces that have visualized criminality, sexuality or madness in particular manner. However, problematization of these things needs to go beyond new ways of looking at them and has to question their entire field of vision. This implies that Foucauldian ethics is less concerned with what we do about things themselves, instead, it rather asks how we see them in the first place and how can they be seen differently. It thus requires not to look within us, on the contrary, we should look out, from outside of ourselves., John Rajchman., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Cílem článku je podat kritický rozbor predikcí týkajících se budoucnosti sociálních věd, jak je formuluje Ladislav Kvasz pod záštitou svého projektu "formální epistemologie“. Modelem dynamiky vztahů mezi obory na vědeckém poli nabízí Kvasz v otázce střídání paradigmat alternativu ke Kuhnově teorii vědeckých revolucí. Text zkoumá, na jakých základech je mechanismus změn u Kvasze vystavěn a co z toho plyne pro relevanci předpovědí z tohoto modelu vyvozených – především těch o sociálních vědách. K tomu slouží souběžné představení historické metody Michela Foucaulta, který zdůrazňuje potřebu vyvarovat se zavádění falešných kontinuit ve zkoumání trajektorií vědeckých oborů, u kterých dochází ke zlomům v jejich epistemické struktuře. Zvláštní zřetel je kladen na souvislost predikcí s možnostmi odlišit epistemologicky a sociologicky uchopitelné prvky spojené s chodem vědy. Jako klíčový moment se tedy ukáže možnost práce se sociálně vědními obory pomocí jemných nástrojů, které Kvasz vyvinul na vědách exaktních., The aim of the article is to provide a critical analysis of predictions that concern the future of social sciences suggested by Ladislav Kvasz as a part of his project “formal epistemology”. In relation to the issue of paradigm change Kvasz’s model of dynamics in the scientific field offers an alternative to Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolutions. The article inquires the nature of the mechanism of changes in the field and what can therefore be predicted from such model – especially concerning social sciences. This is achieved with the help of Michel Foucault’s historical method, which emphasizes the need to avoid false continuities in explaining the development of a scientific discipline, which is going through deep discontinuities on its epistemic level. Special attention is given to the connection between predictions and the possibility of distinguishing epistemologically and sociologically graspable features of science. The adequacy of working with social sciences using tools Kvasz had developed focusing on formal disciplines is therefore identified as a decisive point., and Markéta Patáková.