The essay attempts to point out the benefits of reading Peter Sloterdijk's works from the perspective of German studies. In the course of the paper, Sloterdijk is introduced in his various individual roles. First, his early steps in German studies are described, followed by an assessment of the influence of his German-studies works on the formulation of philosophical problems and stances. After that, Sloterdijk is presented as an exponent of certain typical development, as a diagnostician of problems that post-war Germany faced in its transformation into a civic society. The final part consists of reflections on his observational abilities in descriptions of interdisciplinary misunderstandings and in the creation of transdisciplinary analogies.
For most people, a lie would be defined solely as a false statement. However, many philosophers argue that a statement does not need to be false to be considered a lie, what is important is that the speaker believes that the statement is false. In a prototype semantic analysis, there are three elements of a lie, namely factual falsity, belief, and intention (Coleman and Kay, 1981). As in the case of philosophers' arguments, English, Spanish, Arabic and Hungarian speakers consider belief as the main element of a prototypical lie. By replicating Coleman and Kay's study of Indonesian speakers, the present paper tries to answer the following research questions. (1) Does the Indonesian word bohong 'lie' consist of the Coleman & Kay's prototype elements? (2) If it does, what is the order of the elements? (3) Do Indonesians interpret the situation in which a lie occurs similarly to speakers of other languages? And (4) how to interpret the results of this experiment from the philosophical perspective? The results reveal that not all elements suggested by Coleman and Kay (1981) are present in lying according to Indonesians and the factuality of the statement is more important to Indonesians than belief. Thus, Indonesians have a perception of a lie that is different from the definitions suggested by the philosophers.
Příspěvek je věnován polskému básníkovi Macieji Kazimierzi Sarbiewskému (1595-1640), jednomu z nejvýznamnějších latinských básníků 17. století a známému literárnímu teoretikovi. V Polsku patřil k nejpopulárnějším autorům před Henrykem Sienkiewiczem. Byl také nazývám sarmatským nebo latinským Horaciem. V Evropě je známý díky svému dílu Lyricorum libri tres. Papež Urban VIII. udělil Sarbiewskému titul poeta laureatus. Sarbiewski byl jezuitským kaplanem ve Vilniusu, odkud byl povolán králem Vladislavem IV. Vasou na královský dvůr. Autor se v příspěvku věnuje i oblibě Sarbiewského u českých a slovenských romantických spisovatelů (K. H. Mácha a C. Zoch). Poté recepci Sarbiewského v českých odborných příručkách a slovnících. and The article deals with Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (Mathias Casimirus Sarbievius, 1595-1640) who was Europe's most prominent Latin poet of the 17th century, and a renowned theoretician of poetics. He was the first Polish poet to become widely celebrated abroad and the most popular Polish author before Henryk Sienkiewicz. He became known as Horationis par ("the peer of Horace") or the Sarmatian Horace and "the last Latin poet". His European fame came out of his first collection of poetry, Lyricorum libri tres (Three Books of Lyrics). An expanded edition, Lyricorum libri IV (Four Books of Lyrics), was so successful in Europe that it was released in 60 editions in different countries. During a stay in Rome, Sarbiewski was crowned poeta laureatus (poet laureate) by Pope Urban VIII. Sarbiewski was a Jesuit priest at Vilnius University and court preacher to Polish King Wladyslaw IV Vasa. The author also deals with the reception of Sarbiewski in Czech and Slovak romantic poetry (K. H. Mácha, C. Zoch) in Czech teachers' and encyclopedic book, too.
Article compares some aspects of current interdisciplinary discourse critical of religion with Lucretius' poem De rerum natura. In the first part, I try to show how a brief review of modern scientific literature can assist to resolve one of the much discussed problems in Lucretian scholarship, namely the attitude of Lucretius towards traditional Graeco-Roman religion and the question of (in)coherence of his thought. In the second part, I change the perspective in order to show that, in some key aspects, Lucretius can be viewed as the precursor of contemporary critique of religion.
Literárna história a kultúrna publicistika sa osobnosti a tvorbe Dominika Tatarku venujú bez ruptúr, a tak, aby sa dostali do súladu výklad spoločenských aj osobných reálií a do súvislostí dostupné interpretácie diela a okolnosti, ktoré ho utvárali, obrusovali aj popierali. Po generácii súčasníkov a rovesníkov sa posledné desaťročia dostali do dialógu post factum s Tatarkom ďalší a mladší spomedzi literárnych vedcov, poučení a s odlišne nastaveným hodnotovým zámerom. Podstatné zostáva to, že sa osobnosť Dominika Tatarku nevytratila z poznávacích ambícií tých, čo poznajú materiál a precízne sa orientujú vo vývinovom kontexte, ale ani tých, čo nachádzajú širšie a nepovšimnutými nuansami možné dotyky jeho nazerania na seba, život, svet a umenie s inými nazeracími a estetickými konceptmi vo filozofii a umení. and Literary history and cultural journalism are dedicated to the personalities and works of Dominic Tatark without rupture and so that the interpretation of social and personal realities and the contexts of the available interpretations of the work and the circumstances that created, circumvented and denied it were brought into line. For generations of contemporaries and peasants, the past decades have come into the post factum dialogue with Tatark, another and younger among literary scientists, lessons and a differently set value goal. It is essential that the personality of Dominika Tatarka did not escape from the cognitive ambitions of those who know the material and precisely oriented in the context of development, but also those who find wider and unexpected nuances of possible touch of his viewing himself, life and the world and art with others advertisements and aesthetic concepts in philosophy and art.
V príspevku sa postupmi teórie textu analyzujú kompozičné operácie autora v texte. Záujem sa sústreďuje na postavu a rozprávača. Zámerom je ukázať vnútorné segmentovanie konfliktu podľa toho, v akej pozícii sa ocitne postava voči ostatným postavám a k sebe samej. To znamená, že vedľa možností poetiky si autor pomáha štylistickou organizáciou textu. and The present article contains the analyses of the author's composition operations. The attention is paid to the character and the narrator. The aim of the study is to point to inner segmentation of the conflict according to fact what position the character occupies in comparison with other characters. This means that besides the categories of poetics the author has to modify the stylistic organization of the text.
The paper discusses particular documents of St. Pius X (1903–1914) in which, within his efforts to reform the Church (and within the Church particularly to restore the formation of future priests), he recommends the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas: besides notes issued at various occasions, these are breve In præcipuis laudibus (23 January 1904), antimodern encyclic Pascendi Dominici gregis (8 September 1907) with motu proprio Sacrorum Antistitum (1 September 1910) and especially motu proprio Doctoris Angelici (29 June 1914) with XXIV Thomistic theses (27 July 1914) attached.
Ačkoliv patří život a otázky spojené s jeho definicí k tradičním filozofickým tématům, na počátku jednadvacátého století a po zhruba dvou a půl tisíci letech filozofické tradice není k dispozici uspokojivá definice života. Obtíže spojené s definováním života neprovází pouze filozofii, ale všechny obory, kterých se téma života týká. Příčiny tohoto stavu lze vnímat jako kombinaci několika komplementárně spojených skutečností. V textu jsou uvedeny jako důvody pro nemožnost vytvoření univerzální definice života. Postupně se věnují problematice původu života a postulované hranici mezi živým a neživým, vývoji života a jeho různorodosti, mnohostem přístupů k definování života a neustávajícím objevům nových organismů, filozofické tradici a nejasnosti používaných pojmů, vývoji života jako historickému procesu, kritice definic života z pohledu "jednoho vzorku" a reflexi pojmu život konceptuální analýzou. Zdůrazněny tak jsou filozofická tradice, otázky spojené s životem a jeho vybranými definicemi, aktuální poznatky a výzkumy věnující se životu, stejně tak možný přínos filozofie ke snahám nalézt definici života jako takovou. Východiskem předkládaného textu je naturalismus, fyzikalismus a redukcionismus. and Although life and questions connected with its definition among traditional philosophical topics, at the beginning of the twenty-first century and after roughly two and a half thousand years of philosophical tradition no satisfactory definition of life is at one's disposal. Though difficulties bond up with life definition don't accompany philosophy alone, but also almost all fields touched by this topic. Causes of this state of affairs can be viewed as a combination of several complementary connected facts. Those facts are in the text stated as reasons against the possibility of creating universal definition of life and apply here one by one to the origin of life a postulated boarder line between life and nonlife, evolution of life and its variedness, multiplicity of definitions of life and still going discoveries of new organisms, philosophical tradition and lack of clarity of concepts, evolution of life as a historical process, critique of definitions of life from the point of view of "sample one" and reflection of the concept life by conceptual analysis. Particular sources are about to be analyzed from the point of philosophy of biology with care for philosophical tradition, to questions linked with life and its selected definitions, to actual findings and explorations focused on life and possible contribution of philosophy to the endeavor of finding definition of life as such. Ground of proposed text is naturalism, physicalism and reductionism.
V září letošního roku si připomínáme 100. výročí narození jednoho z nejslavnějších a nejpřekládanějších polských autorů – Stanisława Lema (1921–2006). Toto nedožité jubileum je pro nás příležitostí ke krátkému zamyšlení nad pozoruhodně pestrou a různorodou podobou jeho díla. Nejprve se pokusíme o stručnou obecnější charakteristiku Lemovy tvorby, abychom se následně zaměřili na jeden z jeho zajímavých teoretických textů. Vyslovením svérázné evoluční hypotézy zde Lem reagoval na pandemickou situaci, s níž je lidstvo konfrontováno od 80. let minulého století – nákazu virem HIV. and September this year marks the 100th birth anniversary of one of Poland's most famous and most translated authors – Stanisław Lem (1921–2006). This jubilee is a great opportunity for us to think briefly about all the eclectic and miscellaneous form of this work. First, we will try to make a brief, general description of Lem's work, so that we can then focus on one of his interesting theoretical texts. In this essay, Lem responded by expressing a peculiar evolutionary hypothesis to the pandemic situation that mankind has been confronted with since the 1980s – HIV infection.