a1_Cíle. Cílem výzkumu bylo popsat výskyt specifických forem násilného chování dospívajících ve škole a analyzovat rodinný, vrstevnický a školní kontext agresivního chování. Soubor a metoda. Soubor tvořili dospívající ze 115 náhodně vybraných základních škol. Dotazováni byli žáci 7., 8. a 9. ročníku, z každé školy se účastnila jedna třída. Informace byly získávány prostřednictvím dotazníku, který zahrnoval položky týkající se projevů agresivního chování a jeho kontextu, dále položky mapující vztah k rodině, vrstevníkům, škole a učitelům. Výzkum proběhl metodou on-line aplikace přes internetové rozhraní. Soubor tvořilo 3 165 žáků, průměrný věk byl 13,9 let (SD = 0,97). Chlapci tvořili 52,3 % souboru. Výzkumné otázky. Výzkum měl explorační charakter a kladl si tyto výzkumné otázky: jaký je výskyt různých projevů agresivního chování mezi dospívajícími, jaká je souvislost mezi vybranými proměnnými z oblasti rodiny, vrstevnických vztahů a vztahů ke škole a úrovní agresivního chování. Statistická analýza. Základní popisná statistika byla použita pro prezentaci výskytu projevů násilného chování, kontextové vztahy byly analyzovány chí-kvadrát testem a aplikací multinomiální logistické regrese. Výsledky. Věcně významný výskyt (tj. častěji než pětkrát za posledních 12 měsíců) projevů agresivního chování byl v případě verbální agrese 16,6 %, fyzické agrese 7,5 % a vandalismu 3,1 %. Na základě charakteristik kompozitní proměnné byly vytvořeny tři skupiny: 1) dospívající s nízkou nebo průměrnou úrovní agresivního chování, 2) dospívající se zvýšenou úrovní agresivního chování a 3) dospívající s vysokou úrovní agresivního chování., a2_V multinomiální logistické regresi se jako statisticky významné prediktory agresivního chování uplatnily následující proměnné: dobrý vztah k matce a otci (oba negativně), používání tělesného trestání v rodině, oblíbenost mezi vrstevníky (negativně), časté trávení času s partou rovnou po škole a o víkendech, spravedlivé jednání učitelů (negativně), stresující charakter školy, neoblíbenost školního prostředí a přílišná očekávání ze strany učitelů. Silným prediktorem agresivního chování je mužské pohlaví. Omezení studie. Omezení studie vyplývají z průřezového designu a metody založené na self-reportech., b1_Objectives. The major goal of the study was to describe the prevalence of specific forms of violent behaviour of adolescents in elementary schools and to analyse family, peer and school context of aggressive behaviour. Subjects and methods. The sample consisted of adolescents from 115 randomly selected elementary schools. Schoolchildren from grades 7th, 8th and 9th were asked to fill in the on-line questionnaire via web access. The items of the questionnaire covered the topic of aggressive behaviour and its context, relationships within the family, relationships towards peers, school and teachers. In sum 3,165 students participated, the mean age was 13.9 years (SD = 0.97). Boys accounted for 52.3% of the sample. Research questions. The exploratory study focused on two research questions: how frequently occur various forms of aggression in adolescents, and what is the role of family, peer and school-related factors in aggressive behaviour. Statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and chi2 test were used to analyse the occurrence of violent behaviour; contextual relationships were analysed by application of multinomial logistic regression. Results. Substantively significant occurrence (more than five times in the last 12 months) of aggressive behaviour was reported as follows: verbal aggression 16.6%, physical aggression 7.5%, and vandalism to school property 3.1%. Based on the distribution of the composite variable three groups of adolescents were created: 1) with low or moderate level, 2) with increased level and a 3) with high level of aggressive behaviour. In multinomial logistic regression the following variables had statistically significant effect on dependent variable (aggressive behaviour):, b2_a good relationship with mother and father (both negatively), the use of physical punishment in the family, sociability/popularity (negatively), frequently spending time with peers straight after school and on weekends, treated fairly by teachers (negatively), stressful nature of the school, the unpopularity of the school environment and excessive expectations from teachers. Male gender was found as a strong predictor of aggressive behaviour as well. Study limitations. Limitations of the study result from the cross-sectional design and data based on self-reports., Ladislav Csémy ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Both, common gene variants and human adenovirus 36 (Adv36) are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. The potential relationship between these two pathogenic factors has not yet been investigated. The aim of our study was to examine the association of obesity susceptibility loci with Adv36 status. Genotyping of ten gene variants (in/near TMEM18, SH2B1, KCTD15, PCSK1, BDNF, SEC16B, MC4R, FTO) and analysis of Adv36 antibodies was performed in 1,027 Czech adolescents aged 13.0-17.9 years. Variants of two genes (PCSK1 and BDNF) were associated with Adv36 seropositivity. A higher prevalence of Adv36 antibody positivity was observed in obesity risk allele carriers of PCSK1 rs6232, rs6235 and BDNF rs4923461 vs. noncarriers (χ2=6.59, p=0.010; χ2=7.56, p=0.023 and χ2=6.84, p=0.033, respectively). The increased risk of Adv36 positivity was also found in PCSK1 variants: rs6232 (OR=1.67, 95 % CI 1.11-2.49, p=0.016) and rs6235 (OR=1.34, 95 % CI 1.08-1.67, p=0.010). PCSK1 rs6232 and BDNF rs925946 variants were closely associated with Adv36 status in boys and girls, respectively (χ2=5.09, p=0.024; χ2=7.29, p=0.026). Furthermore, PCSK1 rs6235 risk allele was related to Adv36 seropositivity (χ2=6.85, p=0.033) in overweight/obese subgroup. In conclusion, our results suggest that obesity risk variants of PCSK1 and BDNF genes may be related to Adv36 infection., L. Dušátková, H. Zamrazilová, I. Aldhoon Hainerová, R. L. Atkinson, B. Sedláčková, Z. P. Lee, J. Včelák, B. Bendlová, M. Kunešová, V. Hainer., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Obesity in childhood increases the risk of obesity in adulthood and is predictive for the development of metabolic disorders. The fatty acid composition is associated with obesity and obesityassociated disorders. We investigated the relationship between serum fatty acids composition, adiposity, lipids profile, parameters of glucose metabolism and leptin. The study subjects were 380 adolescents aged 15.0-17.9 years. The study's variables included anthropometric measurements, levels of serum lipids and hormonal parameters. Individual fatty acids were determined in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7, PA) significantly positively correlated with percentage of body fat. Saturated fatty acids in phospholipids (PL) positively correlated with BMI and percentage of body fat. PA content in all lipids classes positively correlated with total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) levels. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity positively correlated with percentage of body fat and positive correlations of SCD and PA level with leptin were found. Plasma PA content and SCD are associated with adiposity and leptin in obese adolescents. No significant correlation between PA level and insulin resistance was found. Palmitoleate positively correlated with TC, HDL cholesterol, TG and LDL cholesterol levels., P. Hlavaty, E. Tvrzicka, B. Stankova, H. Zamrazilova, B. Sedlackova, L. Dusatkova, V. Hainer, M. Kunesova., and Obsahuje bibliografii
1a_It has been known for many years that baroreflex sensitivity is lowered in hypertensive patients. There are several known factors implicating this association, e.g. high blood pressure leads to remodeling of the carotid arterial wall, to its stiffness and to a diminished activation of baroreceptors; leptin released from a fatty tissue activates the sympathetic nervous system etc. On the other hand, low baroreflex sensitivity (BRS, usually quantified in ms/mmHg) can be inborn. Studies on primary hypertension in children and adolescents have brought new information about the role of baroreflex in the development of an early stage of primary hypertension. BRS lower than 3.9 ms/mmHg was found in 5 % of healthy subjects. This value approaches the critical value for the risk of sudden cardiac death in patients after myocardial infarction and corresponds to the value present in hypertensive patients. A decreased BRS and BRSf (baroreflex sensitivity expressed in mHz/mmHg, index independent of the mean cardiac interval), was found not only in children with hypertension, but also in those with white-coat hypertension. This is in accordance with a single interpretation. The decrease of BRS/BRSf precedes a pathological blood pressure increase., 2a_The contribution of obesity and BRS/BRSf to the development of hypertension in adolescents was also compared. Both factors reach a sensitivity and a specificity between 60 % and 65 %, but there is no correlation between the values of the body mass index and BRS either in the group of hypertensive patients or in healthy controls. If a receiver operating curve (sensitivity versus specificity) is plotted for both values together using logistic regression analysis, a sensitivity higher than 70 % and a specificity over 80 % are reached. This means that low baroreflex sensitivity is an independent risk factor for the development of primary hypertension. Studies demonstrate that adolescents with increased blood pressure and with BRS under 7 ms/mmHg should be given care and intensively motivated to change their lifestyle including a change in diet and increase in physical activity., and N. Honzíková, B. Fišer.
Dyslexie je často spojována s dalšími psychosociálními potížemi. Cílem práce je ověření těchto výsledků na české populaci, včetně odhalení vývojové trajektorie sledovaných potíží. Stať se dále zaměřuje na případné rozdíly mezi pohledem dětí (resp. adolescentů) a jejich matek. Ve studii je použit dotazník SDQ (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) k měření behaviorálních, emočních a sociálních potíží, ale také prosociálního chování. Soubor tvoří děti (ze studie ELSPAC) s diagnózou dyslexie 520 / Výzkumné studie (N = 50) a kontrolní skupina dětí bez školních potíží (N = 405). Měření bylo provedeno ve třech obdobích: v 7 letech (matka); v 11 letech (matka i dítě) a v 15 letech (matka i adolescent). V 15 letech adolescenti dále vyplnili dotazník životní spokojenosti (SWLS) a škálu sebehodnocení (RSES). Provázanost dyslexie s dalšími psychosociálními problémy se však ukazuje jako nejednoznačná. Z vývojové trajektorie vyplývá, že největší potíže mají dyslektické děti v 7 letech, poté následuje značný pokles v 11 letech. V 15 letech dochází k mírnému nárůstu, který je ovšem menší než u nedyslektických adolescentů. Oproti předpokladům české děti o sobě uvádějí více projevů problematického chování, než vychází z hodnocení matkami, jsou tak k sobě mnohem kritičtější. Velmi zajímavá je shoda pohledu matek a dyslektických dětí, která se u kontrolní skupiny nevyskytuje. Adolescenti s dyslexií nevykazují nižší sebehodnocení ani celkovou životní spokojenost. Pozitivní je také to, že se od kontrolní skupiny neliší v projevech prosociálního chování., a1_Objectives. Dyslexia is often associated with other psychosocial difficulties. The aim of this work is to verify these results in the Czech population, including the detection of the developmental trajectory of the examined difficulties. Furthermore, the study focuses on potential differences between the view of children (or adolescents) themselves and their mothers. Sample and setting. In the study, the SDQ Questionnaire (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) is used to measure behavioral, emotional and social difficulties, but also prosocial behavior. The sample comprises children (from the study ELSPAC) diagnosed with dyslexia (N=50) and a control group of children without school difficulties (N=405). The measurement was carried out in three periods: at 7 years (mother); at 11 years (both mother and child) and 15 years (both mother and adolescent). Furthermore, at 15 years of age, adolescents completed the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (SWLS) and the Self- Esteem Scale (RSES)., a2_Results. The correlation of dyslexia with other psychosocial problems appears to be ambiguous. The developmental trajectory shows that greatest difficulties can be found in dyslexic children at 7 years of age; subsequently, there is a considerable decline at 11 years of age. At 15 years, there is a slight increase, which is, however, smaller than in non-dyslexic adolescents. Contrary to expectations, Czech children report about themselves more manifestations of problematic behavior than it is evident from their mothers’ assessments; therefore, they are much more critical to themselves. Interestingly, there is an agreement between the view of mothers and dyslexic children, which does not occur in the control group. Adolescents with dyslexia do not exhibit lower self-esteem or overall life satisfaction. Moreover, it is also positive that they do not differ from the control group in the manifestations of prosocial behavior. Study limitation. Sample size of dyslexic group; absence of external diagnostics., and Lucie Foltová, Šárka Portešová, Lubomír Kukla.
The aim of the study was to translate the Intrapersonal Curiosity Scale (InC) into the Czech language and to verify its factor structure and psychometric properties on the sample of grammar school students in the Czech Republic. The Intrapersonal Curiosity Scale InC is a 12-item tool that measures the tendency to inquisitively explore own identity and inner experience in order to better understand own inner self. The sample consisted of 1020 participants, of which 353 (34.6%) were boys, 665 (65.2%) were girls, and two participants (0.2%) did not state their sex or age. The authors compared several considered models using CFA. The results suggest that the original theoretical model, which calculates the total InC score as the sum of three mutually correlated subscales EPI, ROP and UEM, is still uncertain in the Czech version verified on a group of adolescents. In the authorsʼ opinion, the version with three factors with minor corrections fits to the data best of all compared models, although with a lack of evidence for the unidimensionality of the overall InC scale. In this model, verification of the weak invariance of the measurements was achieved when comparing girls and boys using MGCFA. Significant correlations of latent scores of EPI, ROP and UEM subscales with other assessed constructs were found., Cílem studie bylo adaptovat Škálu intrapersonální zvídavosti (Intrapersonal Curiosity, InC) do českého jazyka a ověřit její faktorovou struk-turu a psychometrické vlastnosti na souboru studentů gymnázií v České republice. Škála intrapersonální zvídavosti InC je 12položkovým nástrojem, který zachycuje tendenci zvídavě zkoumat svoji identitu a vlastní prožívání s cílem lépe porozumět vlastnímu nitru. Výběrový soubor tvořilo celkem 1020 participantů, z toho bylo 353 chlapců (34,6 %), 665 dívek (65,2 %) a dva participanti (0,2 %) svůj gender ani věk neuvedli. V rámci analýz autoři pomocí CFA porovnávali několik uvažovaných modelů. Výsledky naznačují, že původní teoretický model, který počítá celkový skór InC jakou součet tří vzájemně korelovaných subškál EPI, ROP a UEM, je u české verze ověřované na souboru adolescentů nejistý. Verze se třemi faktory dle názoru autorů odpovídá s drobnými korekcemi datům nejlépe ze všech porovnávaných modelů, byť s nedostatkem důkazů pro unidimenzionalitu celkové škály InC. Na tomto modelu bylo dosaženo ověření slabé invariance měření při porovnávání dívek a chlapců pomocí MGCFA. Byly nalezeny významné korelace latentních skórů subškál EPI, ROP a UEM s ostatními posuzovanými konstrukty., Martina Friedlová, Zuzana Vaculčíková Sedláčková, Miroslav Charvát., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) changes control the cardiac interbeat intervals (IBI) duration via baroreflex. Conversely, SBP is influenced by IBI via non- baroreflex mechanisms. Both causal pathways (feedback - baroreflex and feedforward - non- baroreflex) form a closed loop of the SBP- IBI interaction. The aim of this study was to assess the age -related changes in the IBI - SBP interaction. We have non -invasively recorded resting beat -to- beat SBP and IBI in 335 healthy subjects of different age, ranging from 11 to 23 years. Using a linear autoregressive bivariate model we obtained gain (Gain SBP,IBI, used traditionally as baroreflex sensitivity) and coherence (CohSBP,IBI) of the SBP-IBI interaction and causal gain and coherence in baroreflex (Gain SBP → IBI , Coh SBP → IBI ) and coherence in non- baroreflex (CohIBI→SBP) directions separately. A non -linear approach was used for causal coupling indices evaluation (C SBP → IBI , C IBI → SBP ) quantifying the amount of information transferred between signals. We performed a correlation to age analysis of a ll measures. CohIBI→SBP and CIBI→SBP were higher than CohSBP→IBI and CSBP→IBI, respectively. Gain SBP,IBI increased and Coh SBP → IBI decreased with age. The coupling indices did not correlate with age. We conclude that the feedforward influence dominated at rest. The increase of Gain SBP,IBI with age was not found in the closed loop model. A decrease of Coh SBP → IBI could be related to a change in the cardiovascular control system complexity during maturation., J. Svačinová, M. Javorka, Z. Nováková, E. Závodná, B. Czippelová, N. Honzíková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Cieľom výskumu bolo porovnať hodnoty a sebahodnotenie u dospievajúcich vyrastajúcich v centrách pre deti a rodinu (CDR) a u dospievajúcich vyrastajúcich v úplných rodinách. Výskumný súbor pozostával zo 63 dospievajúcich z centier pre deti a rodinu a 94 dospievajúcich z úplných rodín vo veku 15 – 20 rokov (M = 16,9; SD = 1,32). Na zistenie sebahodnotenia bola použitá Rosenbergova škála sebahodnotenia [RSES – Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg, 1965] a na zistenie hodnôt bol použitý Schwartzov dotazník hodnôt [PVQ – Portrait Value Questionnaire, Schwartz et al., 2001]. Zistili sme, že existuje štatisticky významný rozdiel medzi výskumnými skupinami v hodnotách univerzalizmus (p < 0,001; d = 0,95), sebariadenie (p < 0,001; d = 0,8), konformita (p < 0,05; d = 0,34), bezpečnosť (p < 0,01; d = 0,5) a benevolencia (p < 0,001; d = 0,587), zatiaľ čo pri hodnotách moc, úspech, stimulácia, hedonizmus a tradícia sme signifikantný rozdiel nezaznamenali. Adolescenti vyrastajúci v rodinách dosahovali vyššie skóre ako adolescenti vyrastajúci v centrách pre deti a rodinu v hodnotách univerzalizmus, sebariadenie, konformita, bezpečnosť a benevolencia. Pri sebahodnotení u dospievajúcich z centier pre deti a rodinu a u dospievajúcich vyrastajúcich v úplných rodinách bol zaznamenaný štatisticky významný rozdiel (p < 0,01; d = 0,461), pričom adolescenti vyrastajúci v centrách pre deti a rodiny dosahovali vyššie skóre. and The goal of this research was to compare values and self-esteem between adolescents growing up in the centres for children and families and adolescents growing up in complete families. The sample consisted of 63 adolescents from the centres for children and families and 94 adolescents from complete families, all of them aged from 15 to 20 (M = 16,9; SD = 1,32). To identify self-esteem, RSES – Rosenberg SelfEsteem scale (1965) was used and to identify values, PVQ – Portrait Value Questionnaire by Schwartz et al. (2001) was used. We discovered that there are significant differences between research groups in values universalism (p < 0,001; d = 0,95), self-direction (p < 0,001; d = 0,8), conformity (p < 0,05; d = 0,34), security (p < 0,01; d = 0,5) and benevolence (p < 0,001; d = 0,587), while we did not find statistically significant (p > 0,05) difference between groups in values: power, success, stimulation, hedonism and tradition. Adolescents growing up in families scored higher than adolescents growing up in centres for children and families in values universalism, self-direction, conformity, security and benevolence. We find a significant difference in self-esteem (p < 0,01; d = 0,461) between adolescents growing up in centres for children and family and those from complete families, whereas adolescents growing up scored higher.
We studied the relationship between blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS, ms/mmHg) in adolescents. We examined 34 subjects aged 16.2±2.4 years who had repeatedly high causal BP (H) and 52 controls (C) aged 16.4±2.2 years. Forty-four C and 22 H were of normal weight (BMI between 19-23.9), and 8 C and 12 H were overweight (BMI between 24-30). Systolic BP was recorded beat-to-beat for 5 min (Finapres, controlled breathing 0.33 Hz). BRS was determined by the cross-spectral method. The predicting power of BMI and BRS for hypertension was evaluated by sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating curve (ROC - plot of sensitivity versus specificity). H compared with C had lower BRS (p<0.01) and higher BMI (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis (p<0.001) revealed that a decreased BRS (p<0.05) and an increased BMI (p<0.01) were independently associated with an increased risk of hypertension. No correlation between BMI and BRS was found either in H or in C. Following optimal critical values by ROC, the sensitivity, specificity and area under ROC were determined for: BMI - 22.2 kg/m2, 61.8 %, 69.2 %, 66.0 %; BRS - 7.1 ms/mmHg, 67.7 %, 69.2 %, 70.0 %; BMI and BRS - 0.439 a.u., 73.5 %, 82.7 %, and 77.3 %. Decreased BRS and overweight were found to be independent risk factors for hypertension., K. Krontorádová, N. Honzíková, B. Fišer, Z. Nováková, E. Závodná, H. Hrstková, P. Honzík., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Objectives. The present study investigated the relative importance of multiple aspects of personal resiliency for the development of externalising and internalising adjustment problems in adolescence. Subjects and setting. The sample comprised 805 adolescents (45.2% boys and 54.8% girls) from seven high schools in Kraljevo, Serbia. The mean age of the adolescents was 16.71 (SD = 1.05; range 15-18 years). The participants filled out questionnaires concerning their personal resiliency and adjustment problems during school hours. Hypotheses. It was hypothesised that sense of mastery and sense of relatedness would be negatively associated with adjustment problems, whereas emotional reactivity would be positively related to externalising and internalising problems. Statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics and correlational and regression analyses were used. Results. The findings indicated that lower levels of sense of mastery and sense of relatedness and higher levels of emotional reactivity were related to antisocial behaviour, anger control problems, emotional distress and negative sense of self. Personal resiliency accounted for a significant amount of the variance (21-37%) in all types of adjustment problems. Further analyses revealed unique relationships between separate qualities of personal resilience and each type of adjustment problem. Study limitations. The present study is limited to one cultural setting and age group. The results were based on cross-sectional and self-reported data., Cíle. Studie zkoumá relativní důležitost aspektů osobní resilience pro vývoj externalizování a internalizování při vyrovnávání se s problémy v adolescenci. Soubor. Soubor zahrnoval 805 adolescentů (45,2 % chlapců a 54,8 % děvčat) ze sedmi středních škol v Kraljevu v Srbsku. Průměrný věk adolescentů byl 16,71 (směrodatná odchylka 1,05, rozpětí 15 až 18 let). Účastníci vyplnili dotazníky zjišťující jejich osobní resilienci a vyrovnávání se s problémy během školních hodin. Hypotézy. Autoři předpokládali, že úroveň dovedností a úroveň vztahů budou negativně asociovány s vyrovnáváním se s problémy, zatímco emoční reaktivita bude v pozitivním vztahu k externalizování a internalizování problémů. Statistická analýza. Byly použity metody deskriptivní statistiky a korelační a regresní analýza. Výsledky. Nižší úroveň dovedností a nižší úroveň vztahů a vyšší úroveň emoční reaktivity jsou ve vztahu k antisociálnímu chování, problémy se zvládáním hněvu, emočním distresem a negativním sebepojetím. Osobní resilience vysvětlila značnou část variance (21-37 %) ve všech typech problémů. Další analýzy ukázaly jedinečné vztahy mezi jednotlivými složkami osobní resilience a všemi typy problémů. Omezení studie. Studie je omezena danou kulturou a věkovou skupinou. Výsledky jsou založeny na transverzální metodě a datech ze subjektivních výpovědí., Vesna Žunić-Pavlović [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury