The article offers a comparison of the development of institutions of care for children under the age of three in France and in the Czech Republic. It explains the differences in the forms of institutions, policies and the level of state support using a comparative analysis of the discourses of childcare that have existed in the two countries since the end of the Second World War. Expert discourses in particular were found to have an important role in the development of institutions and policies: psychological discursive framings had a strong influence on the public discourse, political decisions and the resulting form of institutions. While in France mainly empirically‑oriented psychologists and pedagogues entered the debate, in Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic the discursive arena was dominated by clinical psychologists and paediatricians. Other influential factors were identified, such as the economic situation, political actors, social movements; and sequencing of events; but the expert discourse was proved to be crucial for the understanding of the divergent development of childcare institutions in the two countries., Radka Dudová, Hana Hašková., Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
a1_Autor zkoumá, jak se v socialistickém Československu vytvářel institucionální systém náhradní rodičovské péče o nezletilé děti, jak se vyvíjela jeho praxe i průvodní diskuse expertů. Vládnoucí režim podle něj cíleně neusiloval o zničení rodiny jako základního kamene společnosti ani o umístění co největšího počtu dětí do kolektivní dlouhodobé náhradní péče. Po roce 1945 však státní správa ve spolupráci s odborníky zahájila státní projekt péče o děti, který vykazoval určité prvky sociálního inženýrství a v jehož rámci politici a experti vytvořili nové standardy výchovy a péče o děti. Náhradní péče sledovala vždy několik cílů, protože se zabývala problémy sociálními, zdravotními i ideologickými. Řada dokumentů dotčených ministerstev v padesátých letech otevřeně deklarovala záměr vychovat v ústavních zařízeních pod dohledem státu „nového, socialistického člověka“ a kolektivní péče o děti v dětských domovech byla tehdy standardním způsobem péče o biologické či takzvané sociální sirotky. Později československé orgány postupně reformovaly systém, tak aby nabízel širší škálu možností náhradní péče. Na tlak odborníků z oblastí pediatrie, pedagogiky a dětské psychologie, jako byl Jiří Dunovský či Zdeněk Matějček, kteří v šedesátých letech iniciovali diskusi o „dětské otázce“ a na základě svých výzkumů poukazovali na psychickou, citovou a sociální újmu dětí v kolektivních zařízeních, úřady reagovaly usnadněním osvojení, vytvářením rodinných typů dětských domovů i reálným obnovením pěstounské péče. Experti se na těchto reformách intenzivně podíleli a sledovali jako ideál nukleární rodinu s tradiční rolí matky., a2_Pro „problémové děti“, včetně dětí romského původu, byla pokládána za vhodnou pěstounská péče, obnovená zákonem v roce 1973. Nakonec autor přibližuje historii SOS dětských vesniček v Československu, které jako hybridní forma kolektivní a pěstounské péče sehrály v reformě náhradní péče specifickou roli. O tomto konceptu, založeném na křesťanské výchově a ústřední roli matky, se vedla koncem šedesátých let vypjatá diskuse. Prosadit se jej podařilo v atmosféře liberalizace za pražského jara 1968, a to zejména díky osobnímu nasazení několika expertů, kteří založili sdružení, vybrali velkou sumu peněz, rychle zorganizovali stavbu dvou vesniček a zajistili jejich fungování. Ačkoliv po vydání zákona o pěstounské péči převzal vesničky pod svou správu stát, jejich průkopnické zavedení ve východním bloku i tak ilustruje, jak zásadní změnou prošel systém náhradní péče v Československu během čtyřiceti let socialistické vlády., a1_The author examines how an institutional system of substitute care of minors was built in socialist Czechoslovakia and how it was implemented in practice, including discussion of experts accompanying these processes. He claims the ruling regime was neither striving to destroy the family as the cornerstone of the society, not trying to place as many children as possible under a collective long-term substitute care system. Since 1945, however, state authorities in cooperation with experts launched a children care project which showed some social engineering elements and in the framework of which politicians and experts created new standards of children care and education. The substitute care system was always pursuing multiple objectives, as had to deal with social, medical, and ideological issues. Many documents of relevant ministries openly declared an intention to educate a "new, socialist individual"in state-supervised institutional facilities in the 1950s, and collective care of children in children´s homes was a standard type of care of biological or so-called social orphans at that time. Czechoslovak authorities later made step-by-step modifications of the system to expand the porfolio of substitute care options. Under the pressure of experts in pediatrics, pedagogics, and child psychology, including JIří Dunovský or Zdeněk Matějček, who initiated a discussion of the "childern´s issue" in the 1960s, using results of their research projects to point at psychic, emotional, and social damage to children in collective facilities, the authorities reacted by facilitating the adoption process, establishing family-type children´s homes, and a de facto restoration of foster care., a2_The experts were participating in these reforms very intensively, pursuing a nuclear family with a traditional role assigned to mother as an ideal. As to "problematic children", including those of Romany descent, foster care restored by a legal act in 1973 was considered suitable. In the end of his wrk, the author describes the history of SOS children´s villages in Czechoslovakia a hybrid form combining collective and foster care, which played a specific role in the substitute care reform. The concept, which was based on Christian education and the central role of mother, was heatedly discussed in the late 1960s. It was possible to implement it in the liberalized atmosphere of the Prague Spring, thanks mainly to personal efforts of several experts, who established an association, collected a fairly large sum of money, quickly organized the construction of two villages, and arranged their operation. Although the state took them over after the foster care act had come into power, their groundbreaking introduction in the Eastern Bloc still illustrates the fundamental changes of the substitute care system in Czechoslovakia during the forty years of the socialist rule., Frank Henschel ; Z angličtiny přeložila Blanka Medková., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Autorská dvojice podle mínění recenzentky přesvědčivě ukazuje masivní nárůst státních intervencí do privátní sféry v českých zemích během sedmdesáti let od vzniku Československa do zhroucení komunistického režimu. Pochybnosti v ní však vyvolává zvolená periodizační perspektiva, která fakticky ignoruje velké politické předěly ve prospěch kontinuit, a také programově nehodnoticí postoj autorů k pojednávané historické látce. Chybí jí ocenění meziválečné Československé republiky, která se snažila být demokratickým a sociálně spravedlivým státem, a naopak kritika likvidačních záměrů nacistických okupantů vůči českému obyvatelstvu ve válečných letech. Recenzentka komentuje některé aspekty rodinné politiky v socialistickém Československu a soudí, že kniha je užitečná pro širokou kulturní veřejnost jako výzva k diskusi o hodnotách a tradicích společnosti, o smyslu a funkci vlastního státu., According to the reviewer, the two authors of the book under review (whose title translates as The family in the interest of the state: Population growth and the institute of marriage in Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia, 1918-89) convincingly demonstrate the massive growth in state intervention in the private sphere in Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia in the seventy years from the founding or the Czechoslovak Republic to the collapse of the Communist regime in late 1989. She does, however, have some doubts about their periodization, which ignores great political dividing lines in favour of continuities, and she is also disappointed in the authors´ intentionally refusing to pass judgement on the topics they discuss. The reviewer would have liked to have read an assessment of interwar Czechoslovakia, which had sought to be a democratic and socially just state, and she would have welcomed discussion of the Nazis´ intentions to eradicate the Czechs during the German occupation from mid-March 1939 to early May 1945. The reviewer remarks on some aspects of family policy in socialist Czechoslovakia, and concludes that the book under review is useful for the general public as a call for discussion about the social values and traditions and the purpose and operation of the State., [autor recenze] Květa Jechová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The paper deals with the relationship between working and private, family and partnership life in the contemporary Czech society. It is based on the main findings from the representative sample survey ''Connections between the changes in the labour market and forms of private, family, and partnership life in the Czech society'' conducted in the 2005. The aim of this paper is to put these findings into an international context. The comparison of selected European countries is done from the point of the level of conflict experienced between working and private life. These findings are also connected to the family policies and the labour market arrangements in particular countries. The international comparison is based on data from the second round of European Social Survey conducted 2004/2005. The findings indicated that the Czech Republic (along with Great Britain, Spain, Poland and Slovakia) counted among the countries with relatively higher level of experienced work-family/private life conflicts, unlike the Scandinavia and some particular West European countries (Germany, France and Belgium).
Childcare leave schemes are one of the key measures that affect the ability of women and men to balance their work and family lives. Both the length of the parental leave period and the amount of the benefit have the potential to shape the timing of a subsequent birth. Important changes have been introduced into the Czech parental benefit scheme over the last 10 years in terms of both the scheme’s flexibility and the monthly amount of the benefit, which has provided a unique opportunity for studying the links between the institutional conditions of parenthood and the behaviour of real stakeholders. Using data on births from the Czech Statistical Office and the parity-cohort analytical approach, we investigate changes in the spacing of second and third births among women who had their first or second child between 1986 and 2013. The results revealed an increase in the second- and third-birth rate during the second and third year following a delivery, together with a decrease in the second- and third-birth rate during the fourth year and later among mothers exposed to changes in the parental benefit scheme. These changes in reproductive behaviour noticeably coincided with the incentives that have been provided since 2008 by the increased flexibility of the parental leave scheme and the author argues that the option to increase the monthly amount of the parental benefit together with the flexibility of its use has contributed to the closer spacing of births, most notably among more educated women.