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2. Definite descriptions again: singular reference, quantification and truth-evaluation
- Creator:
- Koťátko, Petr
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- description, reference, truth-value, identification, and presupposition
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- The author defends a combination of Strawson’s account of definite descriptions as devices of singular reference par excellence with the Russellian truth-evaluation of utterances of sentences with descriptions. The complex Russellian proposition is, according to the author’s view, introduced by such utterances into communication as a by-product of the instrumental side of an attempt to make a singular statement. This, precisely like the instrumental aspects of similar attempts exploiting names or demonstratives has to be reflected by analysis but should not be confused with the communicative function of utterances. The success of all these attempts depends on the fulfilment of empirical conditions of various types, given by semantics of descriptions, names or demonstratives (unless the relevance of these conditions is neutralized by another identificatory factor dominating in given context). But their communicative function does not consist in claiming that these conditions are fulfilled.The author agrees with Strawson that the first two conjuncts of the complex Russellian proposition are introduced into communication as presuppositions: but argues in favour of defining presupposition (in pragmatic sense) in normative, rather the intentional terms., Autor obhajuje kombinaci Strawsonova popisu jednoznačných popisů jako prostředků singulární reference par excellence s Russellovským pravdivým hodnocením výroků vět s popisy. Komplexní Russellovo tvrzení je podle názoru autora zavedeno takovými projevy do komunikace jako vedlejší produkt instrumentální strany pokusu o vytvoření jednotného prohlášení. To, stejně jako instrumentální aspekty podobných pokusů využívajících jména nebo demonstrace, musí být zohledněno analýzou, ale nemělo by být zaměňováno s komunikativní funkcí promluv. Úspěch všech těchto pokusů závisí na naplnění empirických podmínek různých typů, daných sémantikou popisů, jména nebo demonstrace (pokud význam těchto podmínek není neutralizován jiným identifikačním faktorem, který v daném kontextu dominuje). Jejich komunikační funkce však nespočívá v tvrzení, že tyto podmínky jsou splněny.Autor souhlasí s Strawsonem, že první dvě konjunktury komplexního Russellovy tvrzení jsou zavedeny do komunikace jako předpokladů: ale argumentuje ve prospěch definování předpokladu (v pragmatickém smyslu) v normativních, spíše záměrných termínech., and Petr Koťátko
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3. Description of the first-instar larva of Geocharidius (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechitae) with a discussion of the phylogeny of the subtribe Anillina
- Creator:
- Grebennikov , Vasily V.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Geocharidius, Anillina, Trechitae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, larva, description, and phylogeny
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- This paper describes the first-instar larva of Geocharidius Jeannel, a species from Mexico, which is the second record of an Anillina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechitae) larva; previously described was a species of the European genus Typhlocharis. Larvae of these two genera share ten synapomorphic characters, which support the monophyletic origin of Anillina. Sister-group relationships of Anillina with Tachyina + Xystosomina are proposed on the basis of three shared larval synapomorphies: seta LA5 of ligula absent; coronal suture in first-instar larvae very short or absent; second- third-instar larvae have none or one secondary seta on lateral sides of stipes and labium and none on mandibles.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
4. Description of the larva of Rhipsideigma raffrayi (Coleoptera: Archostemata), with phylogenetic and functional implications
- Creator:
- Beutel, Rolf G. and Hörnschemeyer, Thomas
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Archostemata, Cupedidae, Rhipsideigma, larva, description, morphology, and phylogeny
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Larvae of Rhipsideigma raffrayi are described in detail and those of Distocupes varians are re-examined. Their morphological structures are evaluated with respect to their functional and phylogenetic significance. Larvae of Rhipsideigma are wood-borers with a straight body and a wedge-shaped head capsule. Most of their apomorphic features are correlated with their xylobiontic habits. The strong mandibles, the sclerotized ligula and the wedge-shaped head enable the larvae to penetrate rotting wood. The broadened prothorax, prosternal asperities, tergal ampullae, the short legs, and eversible lobes of segment IX play an important role in locomotion in galleries within rotting wood. Leg muscles are weakly developed, whereas the dorsal, pleural and ventral musculature is complex. The larval features allow Rhipsideigma to be placed in the clades Archostemata, Cupedidae + Micromalthidae, Cupedidae, Cupedidae excl. Priacma, and Cupedidae excl. Priacma and Distocupes. The monophyly of Cupedidae and Cupedidae, excluding Priacma, so far is only supported by apomorphies of the adults. However, the presence of glabrous patches on the prosternum and of a medially divided field of asperities may be larval apomorphies of the family. A clade, which comprises Rhipsideigma, Tenomerga and probably other genera of Cupedidae with hitherto unknown larvae, is well supported by larval apomorphies such as the broadened prothorax, the presence of coxal asperities and the presence of a distinct lateral longitudinal bulge. Increased numbers of antennomeres and labial palpomeres are apomorphies only found in larvae of Distocupes.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5. Deskripce, explanace, reprezentativnost: odpověď Františku Štíchovi
- Creator:
- Chromý, Jan and Čech, Radek
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- corpus linguistics, explanation, description, representativeness, norm, korpusová lingvistika, explanace, deskripce, reprezentativnost, and norma
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The present paper is a reply to the article Perspektivy korpusové lingvistiky: deskripce, nebo explanace by František Štícha (2015) which is a critique of recent studies by Radek Čech (2014) and Jan Chromý (2014). It is shown that Štícha’s argumentation is based on an inaccurate reading of the two criticized studies. Also, Štícha’s conception of corpus linguistics as a discipline which aims to capture the morphological and syntactical norm of well-educated people is rather limited. This narrow-minded view seems to be another reason of Štícha’s misunderstanding of the criticized papers.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
6. Gnathia pantherina sp. n. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Gnathiidae), a temporary ectoparasite of some elasmobranch species from southern Africa
- Creator:
- Smit, Nico J. and Basson, Linda
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Gnathiidae, Gnathia, description, morphology, parasite, and Elasmobranchii
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Haematophagous larvae of a gnathiid isopod were collected from the gills, nares and buccal cavity of a single leopard catshark Poroderma pantherinum (Smith, 1838) at Jeffreys Bay and five puffadder shysharks Haploblepharus edwardsii (Voight, 1832) and one blackspotted electric ray Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters, 1855, at the De Hoop Nature Reserve on the South African south coast. Larvae were kept in fresh seawater until their moult into adult stages. The morphology of the adult males did not conform to that of any known species and they are therefore described as Gnathia pantherina sp. n. The descriptions of the adult male, female and praniza larva are based on light and scanning electron microscopy observations. Characteristic features of this species include the large size of all the final life-cycle stages, the deeply divided mediofrontal process of the male, the morphology of the pylopods and maxillipedes of the female, and the number of teeth on the mandibles (eight) and maxillules (seven) of the praniza larvae.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
7. Grub-like larvae of Neuroptera (Insecta): a morphological review of the families Ithonidae and Polystoechotidae and a description of Oliarces clara
- Creator:
- Grebennikov , Vasily V.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Oliarces, Ithone, Polystoechotes, Ithonidae, Polystoechotidae, Neuroptera, larva, description, morphology, and phylogeny
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- First instar larvae of Polystoechotidae sp., and first and older instar larvae of Ithone fusca Newman and Oliarces clara Banks are described; those of the latter species for the first time. The family Ithonidae is unique in Neuroptera in having grub-like C-shaped older instar larvae. Potential morphological synapomorphies of mature larvae of Ithonidae and Polystoechotidae are the mandibles with exceptionally broad base and markedly thickened apical part; antennal curvature is fixed and rather characteristic in shape; ocular area reduced or absent; cardo and stipes are markedly enlarged with stipes much larger than the cardo; presence of gula (Polystoechotes) or some traces of gular sclerotisation (Ithone, Oliarces). Larvae of Ithone have numerous larval autapomorphies such as C-shaped first instar larva with reduced abdominal segments IX and X; fused tibia and tarsus on all legs and dorsally directed maxillae. Larvae of Ithonidae and Polystoechotidae have some similarities with those of the family Dilaridae, such as no or one pair of stemmata; body not flattened dorso-laterally; mesothoracic spiracle located on fold between prothorax and mesothorax; short and stout mandibles widened at base and tapered apically; robust and elongated fore legs; tarsi on all legs markedly shortened; more than three larval instars. Older instar larvae of Ithonidae are markedly similar to those of the beetle superfamily Scarabaeoidea in having a C-shaped body, at least in older instars; body round in cross-section; sclerites on thorax and abdomen reduced and body surface membranous; each thoracic and abdominal segment subdivided dorsally into two or three fleshy lobes; ventral surface of abdominal apex bears a field of short and stout setae. Chaetotaxy pattern in first instar Ithonidae and Polystoechotidae larvae suggests that it is possible to homologise the sensilla in different genera and provide a system of sensilla designation for Neuroptera larvae. This study is illustrated with 36 morphological drawings.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
8. Hedyselmis opis: Description of the larva and its phylogenetic relation to Graphelmis (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Elminae)
- Creator:
- Čiampor Jr., Fedor and Ribera, Ignacio
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Hedyselmis, Graphelmis, Coleoptera, Elmidae, larva, description, and phylogeny
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The riffle beetle genus Hedyselmis Hinton, 1976 includes two species from the Malay Peninsula, with adults with a highly deviating morphology. Its phylogenetic relationships are unclear, although it has been hypothesized to be related to Graphelmis Delève, 1968, a large genus widely distributed in the Oriental and East Palaearctic regions. In this paper the larva of H. opis Hinton, 1976 is described based on material collected in the Cameron Highlands (Malaysia) and the conspecificity with co-existing adults tested using sequences of one nuclear (5' end of 18S rRNA) and three mitochondrial gene fragments (5' end of the large ribosomal unit + tRNAleu + 5' end of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1; 5' end of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I; and a fragment of cytochrome b) with a total of ca. 2,600 bp. This is the first example of the use of molecular data to match different life stages within the family Elmidae. The larva of H. opis has a subcylindrical body typical of many other elmid genera; abdominal segments 1-7 with preserved pleura; and ninth segment with oval operculum. The last instar larvae have clearly visible prominent spiracles on mesothorax and abdominal segments 1-8. The phylogenetic position of Hedyselmis in relation to Graphelmis was investigated using molecular data for three species of Graphelmis plus a selection of other Elmidae genera. Hedyselmis opis is nested within Graphelmis, confirming their close relationship and suggesting that their status requires taxonomic revision.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
9. How small you can go: Factors limiting body miniaturization in winged insects with a review of the pantropical genus Discheramocephalus and description of six new species of the smallest beetles (Pterygota: Coleoptera: Ptiliidae)
- Creator:
- Grebennikov, Vasily
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Body size, C-value, Insecta, Pterygota, Coleoptera, Ptiliidae, Discheramocephalus, Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Errolium, egg-parasitoids, smallest insect, description, morphology, anatomy, and histology
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The recently described and originally monotypic genus Discheramocephalus Johnson, 2007 from the Solomon Islands is revised. Six new species are described, illustrated and keyed: Discheramocephalus brucei sp. n. (Cameroon), D. elisabethae sp. n. (Cameroon), D. mikaeli sp. n. (Tanzania), D. stewarti sp. n. (Bolivia), D. jarmilae sp. n. (Bolivia), D. minutissimus sp. n. (Indonesia). Adults of D. minutissimus have a body length of about 400-426 µm, which is at the lower limit among non-egg-parasitoid insects. Evidence is provided that an egg size large enough to produce a viable larva is the main factor limiting miniaturisation of female insects. Females and males of egg-parasitoids are able to overcome the 400 µm threshold and reach limits of 180 µm and 130 µm, respectively. Brain size is likely the second most important factor limiting miniaturisation in insects.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
10. Larvae of Ataenius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) :: Generic characteristics and species descriptions
- Creator:
- Verdú, José R. and Galante, Eduardo
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae, Ataenius, larvae, description, key, dung beetles, turfgrass beetles, and taxonomy
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We compared the larval morphology of the genera Ataenius and Aphodius. The third larval instars of five Ataenius species: Ataenius opatrinus Harold, A. picinus Harold, A. platenis (Blanchard), A. simulator Harold and A. strigicauda Bates, are described or redescribed and illustrated. The most important morphological characteristics of the larvae of Ataenius are found in the respiratory plate of thoracic spiracle, the setation of venter of the last abdominal segment, the setation of the epicranial region and the morphology of the epipharynx. A key to larvae of the known species of Ataenius is included.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public