The paper explores the relationship between normalising bodies and normalising political orders by investigating medical discourses in Germany in the second half of the 19th century. It argues that medical scientists not only presented knowledge about bodies, health, and pathologies, but also used this knowledge to promote a specific form of political order as the ‘true’ and ‘proper’ political order. In the paper, discourses from two different medical fields are analysed. The first part focuses on physiology, because it was not only key in promoting new medicine as a natural science, but also because many of its proponents were involved in the revolution of 1848, and continued to advance democratic ideas after the failed revolution, throughout the second half of the 19th century. It is argued that even though physiologists favoured democracy, their understanding of it was nonetheless narrow and androcentric. The second part focuses on medical sub-disciplines that specifically addressed sexuality and gender, such as psychiatry and sexology. Instead of seeking to advance a democratic political order, protagonists here used their epistemological clout to pathologise and thereby actively discredit ongoing political struggles such as the feminist movement and the socialist movement that aimed to establish a fundamentally different political order. From a feminist perspective the paper reveals how the powerful constructions of ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’ structured both discourses: Imaginations of ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’ were deployed to produce and legitimate medical regimes of truths about the body and, as a consequence, about a specific political order.
From the 1780s on, the court of the Princes of Schwarzenberg generally maintained four or five personal doctors. These privileged positions were frequently held by individuals who also practised as municipal or county physicians. In their castles in Bohemia the Schwarzenbergs also employed surgeons and apothecaries, and in line with the professionalization of medical care during the Enlightenment they attached great importance to the training of health workers. In the first three decades of the 19th century health care in the context of the Schwarzenberg primogeniture became even more specialized and the number of medical staff on the various Schwarzenberg estates increased. In addition to their own physicians, the Schwarzenbergs also entrusted their health needs to eminent medical experts drawn primarily from the Habsburg court and the University of Vienna and later, from the 1830s on, to many doctors working in the Czech Lands. This study considers the relationship between the high nobility as representatives of social elites on the one hand and the Enlightenment medicalization of society with its professionalization of health care on the other. It maps the structure of medical care within one aristocratic family and their estates and its transformation over a fifty‐year period. It also attempts to discover who the Schwarzenbergs’ doctors were and what socio‐cultural background they came from., Václav Grubhoffer., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This study on Alois Klar (1763-1833) focuses mainly on his achievements as a pedagogue and his work for the visually impaired. Methodologically, it draws on Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer and Michel Foucault, enabling us to view the evolution of social care as a concomitant of the emerging modern state and integral to its structure. The study presents an analysis of the beginnings of Klar’s Prague institute for the visually impaired against a background of rapid changes in medicine, the scope of the state, and educational thinking. At a time of compulsory school attendance and new approaches to education, when the state demanded the active participation of its subjects/citizens in propagating its aims and the values of society as a whole, the blind and partially sighted were given access to a full and systematic education. We also present data concerning Klar’s educational work and thinking (he taught in Litoměřice and at Prague University), and examine the internal workings of the newly established institute - one of the first of its kind in Europe - and its contacts with the medical discourse of the emerging science of ophthalmology., Marek Fapšo., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Článek vychází u příležitosti 125. výročí narození českého chirurga profesora Arnolda Jiráska (1887-1960), který patřil k nejvýznamnějším reprezentantům lékařského stavu v Československu. Jirásek byl nadán mimořádným intelektem, pílí, ctižádostí, schopnostmi organizačními i literárními, což vedle více než 380 odborných prací dosvědčuje i řada prací popularizačních. Psal mj. životopisné studie o vynikajících lékařích a především je autorem rozsáhlé monografie o svém předchůdci a vzoru Eduardu Albertovi (1841-1900), jehož osobností se autorka dlouhodobě zabývala. Jiráskova práce jí kromě faktografických údajů ke studiu života a díla E. Alberta nabídla další zajímavé téma v oblasti dějin vědy, a to výzkum badatelských postupů tohoto Albertova životopisce. Na základě kritického studia Jiráskových publikovaných prací a jeho archivního fondu (uloženého v Masarykově ústavu a Archivu Akademie věd ČR) autorka objasňuje, jak Arnold Jirásek postupoval při psaní monografie, jak psal chirurg žijící ve 20. století o chirurgovi století 19., v čem byly výhody a úskalí takové práce. Ke vzniku Jiráskova monografického díla přispěl vývoj po roce 1939. Složitou situaci, v níž se Jirásek ocitl, a další osudy kliniky za II. světové války autorka popisuje v první části článku, v další přibližuje Albertovu osobnost a zejména Jiráskův postup při psaní monografie, která vyšla v roce 1941 u příležitosti stého výročí Albertova narození, v závěrečné části se pokouší o srovnání osudů významných osobností dvou chirurgů., Článek vychází u příležitosti 125. výročí narození českého chirurga profesora Arnolda Jiráska (1887-1960), který patřil k nejvýznamnějším reprezentantům lékařského stavu v Československu. Jirásek byl nadán mimořádným intelektem, pílí, ctižádostí, schopnostmi organizačními i literárními, což vedle více než 380 odborných prací dosvědčuje i řada prací popularizačních. Psal mj. životopisné studie o vynikajících lékařích a především je autorem rozsáhlé monografie o svém předchůdci a vzoru Eduardu Albertovi (1841-1900), jehož osobností se autorka dlouhodobě zabývala. Jiráskova práce jí kromě faktografických údajů ke studiu života a díla E. Alberta nabídla další zajímavé téma v oblasti dějin vědy, a to výzkum badatelských postupů tohoto Albertova životopisce. Na základě kritického studia Jiráskových publikovaných prací a jeho archivního fondu (uloženého v Masarykově ústavu a Archivu Akademie věd ČR) autorka objasňuje, jak Arnold Jirásek postupoval při psaní monografie, jak psal chirurg žijící ve 20. století o chirurgovi století 19., v čem byly výhody a úskalí takové práce. Ke vzniku Jiráskova monografického díla přispěl vývoj po roce 1939. Složitou situaci, v níž se Jirásek ocitl, a další osudy kliniky za II. světové války autorka popisuje v první části článku, v další přibližuje Albertovu osobnost a zejména Jiráskův postup při psaní monografie, která vyšla v roce 1941 u příležitosti stého výročí Albertova narození, v závěrečné části se pokouší o srovnání osudů významných osobností dvou chirurgů., and Překlad resumé: Melvyn Clarke
This paper provides an overview of findings from recent analyses of a part of the rare book collection possessed by the First Faculty of Medicine at Charles University that encompasses Johannes Marcus Marci of Cronland’s work. The collection of Marci’s texts as a whole had not been studied thus far. The rigorous research conducted revealed that ten publications bound in six volumes represent a full cross-section of Marci’s work. Moreover, this collection is remarkable because of its exceptional artistic value and fine typography. Marci’s texts were published by prestigious Prague printers - either individual ones or by institutional print shops (the Jesuit print shop or the Archbishop’s print shop). These printers were able to meet the need for complicated typesetting and to produce the demanded number of copper engravings to accompany the text with fine illustrations so the result would be worthy of the author’s status. The present study also gives a full bibliographical description of the “sammelband” bound together as a single volume with the other four titles (shelfmark K2508a). This collection of Marci’s major works (originally only four) had a fifth added after 1654. The handwritten notes in the margin showed renewed interest in this scholar that appeared in the Czech lands in the 18th and 19th centuries. The First Medical Faculty’s collection of Marci’s works is not complete and does not include all his medical treatises, but it does reflect the breadth of his oeuvre. The provenance research proved that three volumes were part of a carefully curated book collection built up by Friedel Pick, a professor at Charles University. These print artefacts significantly enrich the faculty’s collection of early printed books and deserve further inquiry., Markéta Ivánková., Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy, and Jan Pulkrábek [překladatel]
The text focuses on the Czech Province of the Dominican Order roughly in the period of 1650 - 1721. It is based chiefly on two sources - the diaries of the provincials and the Rule of the Order. It aims at reconstruction of certain aspects of the life of the Order concerning health, illness and prevention. The paper pays attention mainly to two themes very well documented in the given sources: (a) visits of thermal baths/spas and (b) two last plague epidemics (1679-1681, 1713-1716)., Karel Černý., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In the Habsburg lands at the turn of the 19th century (as a consequence of Enlightenment critique of the legal, social and medical status quo), a change occurred in attitudes to voluntary death. This "new discourse" permeated all state-controlled institutions, being particularly evident in the transformation of teaching practice at medical schools and the introduction of new measures concerning self-willed death. This paper considers the reception of newly-introduced reforms - especially in law and medicine - in the Litoměřice region, and the impact of these changes on the way a suicide’s body was treated and where it was laid to rest. It addresses the question of how much and in what way official and medical investigations of suicides changed, which institutions were involved in such investigations, and how information was exchanged between the various judicial authorities. As a result of ever-closer collaboration between state institutions on the one hand and medical practitioners on the other, suicide in the Litoměřice region in the first half of the 19th century was, de facto, gradually decriminalized., Tereza Liepoldová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Wenzel Trnka von Krzowitz was born in 1739 in Tabor. He graduated from the University of Vienna, where after studying philosophy he studied at the Faculty of Medicine. His personality and systematic work attracted the attention of Gerard van Swieten, who in 1769 made a significant contribution to the institutional establishment of the first medical faculty in the Hungarian Lands. Trnka thus became one of the founding members of this faculty, where he was appointed professor of anatomy. The Faculty of Medicine was the last part of the Pázmany University to be established in Trnava, which could not meet the needs of a growing university, especially of the medical faculty itself, and so in 1777 the entire campus was moved to Buda. While still in Trnava, in 1775, Trnka published one of his most important works, Historia febrium intermittentium, in which he discusses intermittent fevers. These fevers were a relatively common and unpleasant phenomenon in Europe, especially in certain regions. They are caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, discovered in the 19th century, which cause several types of malaria, all of them being characterised by periodic bouts of fever. In his work, Trnka discusses in detail both the actual course of the disease and the treatment, emphasizing the use of quinine bark. The work contains several historically valuable chapters. It describes views and treatments of malaria in the 18th century, focusing also on those areas in the Habsburg Monarchy where the disease was widespread. Through Trnka’s work, the article provides an insight into life with this now exotic disease, which is today of little concern in our part of the world.
Profesor Emerich Polák (1901-1980) byl ve své době jedním z našich nejvýznamnějších chirurgů. Byl nejen vyhlášeným operatérem ovládajícím chirurgii v celé její šíři, ale i autorem řady významných publikací monografických a časopiseckých, autorem a spoluautorem učebnic svého oboru. V polovině 70. let 20. století začal psát své paměti a počítal s jejich vydáním, k čemuž ovšem nedošlo. Paměti obsahují mnoho informací nejen o vývoji chirurgie ve 20. století očima odborníka, ale i o kulturním a společenském životě nebo o těžkých letech okupace. Text pamětí o rozsahu 428 stran se uchoval v několika strojopisech. Vzhledem k tomu, že v dohledné době není naděje na jejich vydání vcelku, budou publikovány alespoň některé jejich části časopisecky. Vybraly jsme část věnovanou popisu každodennosti v podolském sanatoriu a životu ve státní nemocnici v Mukačevě. V podolském sanatoriu Polák působil od roku 1925 do konce roku 1934. Od roku 1921 rovněž jako asistent II. kliniky, po deset let odjížděl operovat do nemocnice v Mukačevě. Část věnovanou sanatoriu v Podolí edičně připravila Ludmila Hlaváčková, část zachycující vzpomínky na Mukačevo připravila Hana Mášová., Professor Emerich Polák (27. 5. 1901 - 27. 8. 1980) was one of the most prominent Czechoslovak surgeons. In 1970s he started to write his memoirs and prepared them for publication, but they stayed in manuscript. The text of 428 pages was preserved in a few copies. It includes a lot of information about development of the surgery in the first half of the 20th century, and much about cultural and social life of that time. The two parts, that were chosen for publication in this magazine, describe the years Emerich Polák spent at the 2nd surgery clinic in the sanatorium in Podolí (Prague) and his ten years in the hospital in Mukačevo, where he worked in the summer seasons since 1921. (Translated by Hana Mášová.), and Překlad resumé: Hana Mášová