Early life, education and social contacts of the Czech-born Egyptologist Jaroslav Černý (who identified himself as a citizen of Czechoslovakia in his lifetime) are shown in the context of his family history, social expectations and developing academic practices in Austria-Hungary and early Czechoslovakia. Černý’s family aspired to be considered middle class in terms of social interaction, although they lived in straitened circumstances exacerbated by the economic austerity of the First World War era. Černý himself trained as a Classical scholar and later as an Egyptologist at Prague University, but did not fit the role model combining a teaching career (which offered sustenance) with a university Privatdozent role (which offered participation in the academic community), which was the practice accepted in his teachers’ generation. Instead, he embarked on a career in financial services, alongside pursuit of his academic studies that soon encompassed major European museum collections with Egyptian exhibits and put him in contact with the international Egyptological community. His solution was appreciated by his sponsors, including major political and financier figures of the then Czechoslovakia, as being practical as well as showing single-minded determination. It is also suggested that the skills developed during his years in portfolio work were later applied to his research. Translated by Hana Navrátilová and Paul Sinclair and Překlad redumé: Hana Navrátilová and Paul Sinclair
The article presents a short summary and comparison of development of scientific journals, whose representatives decided to contribute to the monothematic issue dedicated to the centenary of the journal Český lid. The author stresses the similar dynamic and development of these journals in the 19th to the 21st century that can partially be reduces to the problem of scientific publication in humanities/social sciences in Central Europe.
The 1950s were a period of profound changes in Czechoslovak science, both on an institutional level and with respect to its ideologization and indoctrination. These changes also applied to ethnology and ethnography. The reasons for this development are not hard to fi nd: under the new regime, the goal of any investigation of ''the people'' was to legitimise plans for the establishment of a new people’s democracy and to produce a detailed scientifi c report about the society’s historical journey towards communism. In this new environment, a totalitarian regime thus assigned these sciences a specifi c function: its goal was not only to ideologize these sciences, but also, and above all, to indoctrinate the population and to promote atheism. This contribution follows the life and work of some of the leading personages of Czechoslovak post-war ethnology and ethnography, such as Otokar Nahodil, and the careers of these sciences’ main institutional representatives, such as Otokar Pertold, the long-serving departmental head at the Charles University Faculty of Arts. Special attention is paid to the new regime’s popularisation strategies which involved post-war ethnologists and ethnographers. Mention is also made of Antonín Robek, Josef Macek, and Jiří Loukotka. The main objective of this contribution is to use a brief excursion into the development of post-war ethnography and ethnology in order to describe the phenomenon of education towards scientifi c atheism. Special emphasis is on the communication channels which the Communist leadership used to secure for its propaganda the broadest impact possible and on describing the role which scientists played in this effort.
The problems of society reflected in psychological way of thinking can be captured in the publications of thinkers working at the Charles University in Prague since its foundation in the 14th century. The authors consider the second half of the 19th century to be the period of the establishment of scientific psychology as an independent discipline. At the Charles University in Prague, the founding personalities taught at the Faculties of Philosophy and Medicine. The psychological seminar at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University was founded in 1921 and was led by František Krejčí. After World War II, the psychological seminar and a psychological institute coexisted at the Faculty of Arts side by side. In 1950, the two workplaces were merged and in 1951, a separate department of psychology was established. At the time of normalization, the Prague department was divided into four departments in 1975, following the example of the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University. In 1980, the department was reunited and its structure is basically preserved to this day. and Problémy společnosti reflektované psychologickým způsobem myšlení lze zachytit v publikacích myslitelů působících na Univerzitě Karlově v Praze už od jejího založení ve 14. století. Za období vzniku vědecké psychologie jako samostatné disciplíny je považována druhá polovina 19. století. Na pražské Univerzitě Karlově zakladatelské osobnosti učí na fakultě filozofické a lékařské. Psychologický seminář na Filozofické fakultě Univerzity Karlovy byl založen roku 1921 a vedl ho František Krejčí. Po 2. světové válce vedle sebe na Filozofické fakultě paralelně existovaly psychologický seminář a psychologický ústav. V roce 1950 byla obě pracoviště sloučena a v roce 1951 vznikla samostatná katedra psychologie. V době normalizace dochází v roce 1975 k rozdělení pražské katedry po vzoru Fakulty psychologie Moskevské státní univerzity na čtyři katedry. V roce 1980 byla katedra opět sjednocena a její struktura zůstává v zásadě zachovaná do současné doby.
This paper provides an overview of findings from recent analyses of a part of the rare book collection possessed by the First Faculty of Medicine at Charles University that encompasses Johannes Marcus Marci of Cronland’s work. The collection of Marci’s texts as a whole had not been studied thus far. The rigorous research conducted revealed that ten publications bound in six volumes represent a full cross-section of Marci’s work. Moreover, this collection is remarkable because of its exceptional artistic value and fine typography. Marci’s texts were published by prestigious Prague printers - either individual ones or by institutional print shops (the Jesuit print shop or the Archbishop’s print shop). These printers were able to meet the need for complicated typesetting and to produce the demanded number of copper engravings to accompany the text with fine illustrations so the result would be worthy of the author’s status. The present study also gives a full bibliographical description of the “sammelband” bound together as a single volume with the other four titles (shelfmark K2508a). This collection of Marci’s major works (originally only four) had a fifth added after 1654. The handwritten notes in the margin showed renewed interest in this scholar that appeared in the Czech lands in the 18th and 19th centuries. The First Medical Faculty’s collection of Marci’s works is not complete and does not include all his medical treatises, but it does reflect the breadth of his oeuvre. The provenance research proved that three volumes were part of a carefully curated book collection built up by Friedel Pick, a professor at Charles University. These print artefacts significantly enrich the faculty’s collection of early printed books and deserve further inquiry., Markéta Ivánková., Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy, and Jan Pulkrábek [překladatel]
Studie představuje složitý poválečný vývoj pražské egyptologie 1946-1951 prostřednictvím korespondence dvou důležitých aktérů. Korespondence významných českých egyptologů je jednak otiskem Černého osobnosti v dějinách pražského egyptologického pracoviště, ale také odrazem osobnosti Zbyňka Žáby, který byl pro institucionální vývoj a zajištění existence ústavu osobou klíčovou, ač rozporuplnou, což je patrné již od počátků jeho odborného působení. Studie tak prostřednictvím dvou rozdílných osudů vědců zachycuje období od poválečné obnovy výuky egyptologie na FF UK v Praze, po etablování Jaroslava Černého ve Velké Británii a Zbyňka Žáby v Praze., This study presents the complex post-war development of Prague Egyptology in 1946-1951 through the correspondence of two of its important practitioners, Jaroslav Černý and Zbyněk Žába. The correspondence of prominent Czech Egyptologists is marked both by Černý’s personality and its impact within the history of the Prague Egyptology department and by Zbyněk Žába’s, who was of key importance to ensuring the existence and the institutional development of the discipline, although he was a contradictory character, as was evident from the start of his professional activities. The character of the department-to-be was mainly philological in its beginnings in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The specialisation corresponded to the interests of the two protagonists, yet they both considered further developments, which eventually led to the establishment of a primarily archaeological institute. Hence this study uses the various fortunes of these two scholars to portray the period from the resumption of Egyptology tuition at the Charles University Faculty of Arts in Prague to the time Jaroslav Černý settled in Britain and Zbyněk Žába settled in Prague. It also includes Černý’s invisible college links in international Egyptology, and Překlad resumé: Melvyn Clarke
Feichtingerova kniha náleží do oblasti kulturně-politických dějin vědy a sleduje v časovém rozmezí téměř celého století jistou linii, jež tvoří jeden z podstatných rysů „rakouského“ (v teritoriálním významu habsburské monarchie) myšlení a kultury. Touto linií - a také přístupem, s nímž se autor názorově ztotožňuje - je antiesencialismus ve smyslu skepse vůči myšlenkovým konstruktům vydávaným za uchopení podstaty určitých jevů. Klíčovou tezí, kterou se pak autor snaží prokázat, je afinita mezi tímto filozoficko-vědeckým postojem a demokratickým smýšlením i praxí. Toto sepětí dokládá u význačných osobností, jako je právní historik a teroretik Hans Kelsen, zakladatel psychoanalýzy Sigmund Freud, filozofové Ludwig Wittgenstein a Ernst Mach nebo historik umění Alois Riegl. Recenzent formuluje námitky vůči příliš jednoznačné interpretaci této teze (autor například ignoruje Tomáše Garrigua Masaryka, který do jeho schématu nezapadá), monografii však hodnotí jako obdivuhodný pokus tematizovat a interpretačně zvládnout obrovské množství různorodého materiálu, který může být inspirativní i tím, jak integruje české myšlení do širšího transnacionálního kontextu., The book under review, a cultural-political history of science and scholarship, covers almost a century of a line that constitutes one of the fundamental features of ‘Austrian’ ideas and culture (meaning those originating in the territory of the Habsburg Monarchy). This line - and also the approach that the author himself identifies with - is anti-essentialism in the sense of scepticism towards mental constructs that are presented as having captured the essence of certain phenomena. A key argument that the author then seeks to demonstrate is the affinity between this philosophical-scientific attitude and democratic thought and practice. He demonstrates this affinity in important figures, such as the jurist, legal philosopher, and political philosopher Hans Kelsen, the neurologist and father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, the philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein and Ernst Mach, and the art historian Alois Riegl. The reviewer objects to what he sees as an overly clear-cut interpretation of this idea (the author fails to mention, for example, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, for he does not fit into this scheme), but he praises the book as an admirable attempt to thematize and interpret a vast amount of diverse material, and it may therefore be an inspiration for the way it integrates Czech ideas into the broader transnational context., [autor recenze] Vlastimil Hála., and Obsahuje bibliografii