The oracles that appear in Herodotus's Histories are usually ambiguous, yet despite this ambiguity it is clear from his narratives that Herodotus holds oracle-recipients morally responsible for their oracular interpretations, whether correct or incorrect. Though these two commitments seem to be in tension, I challenge the traditional view that Herodotus' responsibility standard is too high given the ambiguity of the oracles. Instead of examining the ambiguity of the oracular texts in isolation, I argue the texts must be considered in an interpretive situation involving four sources of uncertainty: the genuineness of the oracle, the disposition of the god consulted, the oracular text itself, and the appropriate response to it. Facing these ambiguities, I argue, Herodotus's characters can take one of two coherent attitudes toward the oracle decision-making process: the attitude of the powerful and controlling who hope to overcome the uncertainty surrounding oracles by making use of their cleverness and power, or the attitude of the pious who hope to understand the oracles from within a framework of piety, good sense, and community integrity.
V prozaických textoch, ktoré zvýrazňujú subjekt sa v kompozícii textu preferuje rozprávač a postava, ktoré konajú ako indivíduá so zložitým postojom voči skutočnosti, spoločnosti i sebe. Próza je komponovaná vertikálne ako súbor s dominantnou ideou. and In prosaic texts highlighting the subject, text composition prefers a narrator and a character acting as individuals with an intricate attitude to the reality, society and himself/herself. The prose is composed vertically as a set with a dominant idea.
The contribution deals with such artistic texts in Slovak literature which trough their themes are cinfronting experience of a literary character with a difficult verifiable social situation and his/her intimate memory. The author of the contribution has chosen artistic texts of the authors representing different generations; it means that the theme and the problem differ on the background of political, historical and social changes and experience. Thus, literature in the kaleidoscope records and interprets a dramatic relationship of man to politics and historical changes.
Pozornosť autorky textu sa sústredila na rodovo exponovanú prózu M. Durasovej. Ambíciou nie je sonda do feministickej prózy. Skutočnosť, že v próze dominuje práca s literárnym časom a literárnym priestorom zaujala dominantné postavenie pri analýze a interpretovaní výrazu a možných významov v koncepte stratégie autorky a jej odraz v stratégii textu. Extrémne rozpätie literárneho času (vtedy - teraz), fyzického času rozprávačky a postavy (mladosť - staroba), odlišnosť literárneho priestoru (Ázia - Európa) vytvorili takú naračnú príležitosť pre ženskú postavu, v ktorej zaujme jej tenzijný vzťah voči všetkému, čo ju identifikuje ako konkrétny subjekt konzervatívnom spoločenskom prostredí. Senzuálne rozvíjaná erotická línia, zmyslové reflektovanie subjektu svojho jestvovania má svoje epicentrum v emocionálnej, sociálnej a rodinnej träume. Práve problému uchovania a navrstvovania traumy v pamäti sa premietol do kompozične precízne organizovanej deštrukcie tajomstva subjektu. and The author's attention is focused on the phenomenon of the strongly exposed motif of a family line in the prose work of M. Duras. The ambition of the study is not to analyse feminist prose, rather the fact that the dominant feature of the prose's poetics is handling with literary time and space which occupied a dominant position in the analysis and interpretation of literary expression and its potential meanings in the concept of the prose writer's strategy and its reflection in the strategy of the text itself. The extreme range of literary time (once - now), the physical time of the female narrator and the literary character (youth - old age), the otherness of literary space (Asia - Europe) formed a specific narrative chance for a female character in which she adopted the narrative position as a permanent tension in relation to all that identified her as a concrete subject in the conservative social environment. The sensually developed erotic plot, the sensual reflection of the subject of its existence has its focus in the emotional, social, and family trauma. The very problem of the protection and formation of the layers of the trauma in memory were reflected in the precisely organised composition of destruction of the secret of the subject's enigma.
V príspevku sa postupmi teórie textu analyzujú kompozičné operácie autora v texte. Záujem sa sústreďuje na postavu a rozprávača. Zámerom je ukázať vnútorné segmentovanie konfliktu podľa toho, v akej pozícii sa ocitne postava voči ostatným postavám a k sebe samej. To znamená, že vedľa možností poetiky si autor pomáha štylistickou organizáciou textu. and The present article contains the analyses of the author's composition operations. The attention is paid to the character and the narrator. The aim of the study is to point to inner segmentation of the conflict according to fact what position the character occupies in comparison with other characters. This means that besides the categories of poetics the author has to modify the stylistic organization of the text.
Príspevok sa sústredil na literárnohistorický výskum významnej osobnosti slovenskej literatúry minulého storočia. Jozef Horák sa k literárnym ambíciám dopracoval ako učiteľ na vidieckej škole, v povojnových rokoch patrila jeho literárna tvorba do epicentra vzdelávacej, výchovnej a kultúrnej činnosti dobového literárneho a kultúrneho života. Jozef Horák zo žánrov epiky využíval viacero a veľmi úspešne. Od poviedkovej tvorby po román, od látky z prítomnosti po tematiku z regionálnych dejín. Publikovaná tvorba je len časť zázemia samotného autora, pozornosť si žiadajú tie materiály a dokumenty, ktoré zostali na pracovnom stole, medzi spoločenskými a tvorivými kontaktmi a ony doplnia ľudský, osobnostný, poznávací aj autentický tvorivý rozmer osobnosti spisovateľa, o čo sme sa usilovali pri Jozefovi Horákovi. and The contribution focused on literary-historical research of a significant personality of Slovak literature of the last century. Jozef Horák developed his literary ambitions as a teacher at a rural school. Jozef Horák has used the epic genres more and more successfully. From storytelling to novel, from substance from present to themes from regional history. The published work is only part of the author's background, the materials and documents that remain on the desk require social and creative contacts, and they will complement the human, personality, cognitive and authentic creative dimension of the writer's personality that we sought for Jozef Horak.
V príspevku Ruská próza s géniom loci sa pozornosť venuje súčasným ruským prozaičkám, ktoré v odlišných žánroch a s rozličnou tematikou venujú pozornosť spoločensky nerovnakému typu a nerovnakej skúsenosti ženskej literárnej postavy, ktorá je svojimi osobnými dejinami spojená s mestom Moskva. Zmyslom zapojenia ženskej postavy do deja sa stali aktuálne otázky individuálneho vyrovnávania sa s vlastným životom, so zvažovaním, ako ho chrániť pred zmenami, ale aj tým, ako sa sústrediť na zásadnú spoločenskú zmenu hodnoty vlastnej existencie. Spisovateľky nemoralizujú, nevytvárajú neriešiteľné sujetové kauzy. Naopak, s nadhľadom i vážne premýšľajú, ako uchovať autenticitu svojej literárnej postavy, prejaviť jej osobnosť a vôľu a ako nerezignovať na hodnoty, ktoré by naplnili život matky, manželky, uspokojili jej profesijné ambície a uchovali by jej jedinečnosť vo vzťahu k tomu, s kým žije a čo prežíva. Výber mestskej lokality a jej obyvateľov plní funkciu interného etnického znaku a historického symbolu. Univerzálne obnovovanému mýtu mesta Moskva voči iným ruským mestám emotívne porozumejú len jeho obyvatelia. and The contribution Russian Prose with a Genius Loci is focused on current Russian female prose writers who in different genres and different themes pay attention to a socially dissimilar type and dissimilar experience of a female literary character associated through her personal history with the city of Moscow. The purpose of a female character involvement in the plot is based on topical issues of the individual coping with one's own life, consideration how to protect it against changes and concentration on the fundamental social change in the value of one's own existence. The female writers do not moralize, do not create unsolvable subject cases. On the contrary, with a bird's-eye view or seriously they consider how to preserve the authenticity of their literary characters, how to show their personalities and strength and how not to resign from the values that would satisfy the life of a mother, wife, meet her professional ambitions and retain her uniqueness in relation to who she lives with and what she experiences. The selection of an urban location and its population serve as the internal ethnic attribute and historical symbol. A universally restored myth of the city of Moscow compared with other Russian cities is emotionally understood only by its residents.