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42. Botany as a new field of knowledge in the thirteenth century: on the genesis of the specialized sciences

Creator:
Yavuz, Mustafa and Oliva, Pilar Herraíz
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
botany, De plantis, Aristotle, Nicolaus Damascenus, Kitab al-Nabat, botanika, Aristoteles, and Mikuláš z Damašku
Language:
Czech
Description:
Th e reception of the translations of Aristotelian and pseudo-Aristotelian works at the University of Paris in the thirteenth century promoted a new understanding of the sciences as specialized fi elds of knowledge. Th e huge amount of translations required a new organization of knowledge, which included novel subjects and categories. Among these there is a very special case, namely the pseudo- Aristotelian De plantis, translated from Arabic into Latin and then back into Greek to be re-translated into Latin again. De plantis was included in the new curriculum in Ripoll 109 (1230–1240 BCE), and constituted the main source for botanical studies until the sixteenth century. Th roughout this paper we will explore the reception and impact of De plantis in both the Arabic and the Latin traditions. We aim to show its foundational role in the development of botany as a theoretical discipline within the natural sciences. and Recepce překladů aristotelských (včetně pseudo-aristotelských) textů na Pařížské univerzitě 13. století šířila nové porozumění vědám jakožto specializovaným oblastem poznání. Velké množství překladů vyžadovalo novou reorganizaci vědění, která musela zahrnout nové předměty a kategorie. Mezi těmito překlady můžeme najít velmi specifi cký případ – pseudo- -aristotelský spis De plantis, přeložený z arabštiny do latiny, poté zpět do řečtiny a nakonec znovu přeložený do latiny. De plantis byl zahrnut do nového kurikula v Ripollu 109 (1230–1240 n.l.) a tvořil hlavní pramen pro botanické studie až do 16. století. V tomto článku zkoumáme přijetí a dopad De plantis jak na arabskou, tak na latinskou tradici. Našim cílem je ukázat jeho fundamentální roli ve vývoji botaniky jako nové disciplíny v rámci přírodních věd.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

43. Caragana korshinskii seedlings maintain positive photosynthesis during short-term, severe drought stress

Creator:
Fang, X. W., Turner, N. C., Li, F. M., Li, W. J., and Guo, X. S.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
botanika, botany, chlorophyll fluorescence, photochemical efficiency, photosynthesis, proline, water deficit, and water relations
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
Seedling performance may determine plant distribution, especially in water-limited environments. Plants of Caragana korshinskii commonly grow in arid and semiarid areas in northwestern China, and endure water shortage in various ways, but little is known about their performance when water shortage occurs at early growth stages. The water relations, photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll (Chl) content and proline accumulation were determined in 1-year-old seedlings growing in a 1:1 mixture of Loess soil and Perlite and subjected to (1) a water deficit for 20 days and (2) kept adequately watered throughout. The water deficit induced low (-6.1 MPa) predawn leaf water potentials (LWP), but did not induce any leaf abscission. Stomatal conductance (gs), leaf transpiration rate (E), and net photosynthetic rate (PN) decreased immediately following the imposition of the water deficit, while the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) and the effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) decreased 15 days later. An early and rapid decrease in gs, reduced E, increased Chl (a+b) loss, increased the apparent rate of photochemical transport of electrons through PSII (ETR)/PN, as well as a gradual increase in non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence (NPQ) and proline may have contributed to preventing ΦPSII from photodamage. C. korshinskii seedlings used a stress-tolerance strategy, with leaf maintenance providing a clear selective advantage, considering the occasional rainfall events during the growing season. and X. W. Fang ... [et al.].
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

45. Časopis Botanika

Creator:
Lenka Záveská Drábková
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce, Botanický ústav (Akademie věd ČR), věda, botanika, populárně-naučná literatura, publikační činnost, science, 12, and 00
Language:
Czech
Description:
Koncem roku 2013 vyšlo první číslo nového informačního a popularizačního stejnojmenného časopisu, který botaniku - vědu zabývající se rostlinami - prezentuje populárně-naučně. Pro mnohé je svět rostlin redukován pouze na to, co roste na zahrádce nebo doma v květináči, avšak povědomí a znalosti o rostlinách v širším kontextu je třeba více rozvíjet. Prostřednictvím nového periodika chce Botanický ústav AV ČR změnit pohled veřejnosti na svět rostlin, který je mnohem pozoruhodnější, než se na první pohled zdá. and Lenka Záveská Drábková.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

47. Centrum excelence rostlinné biologie v 19. století - ústav Julia Sachse ve Würzburgu =

Creator:
Volkmann, Dieter
Type:
article, biography, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Obecná botanika, Sachs, Julius, 1832-1897, 19. století, botanika, fyziologie rostlin, botany, plant physiology, Germany, 2, and 581
Language:
Czech
Description:
V článku je zdůrazněn rozhodující význam školy moderní fyziologie rostlin založené Juliem Sachsem, který byl uveden do experimentálních metod fyziologie Janem Evangelistou Purkyněm jako jeho asistent v Praze. Dále jsou krátce charakterizováni nejdůležitější Sachsovi žáci z jeho rozhodujícího období působení na univerzitě ve Würzburgu a je zdůrazněno trvající působení Sachsových myšlenek až do současného období studia biologie rostlin., The decisive importance of the school of modern plant physiology established by Julius Sachs, who was introduced to the experimental methods of physiology by Jan Evangelista Purkyně as his assistant in Prague, is underscored in this article. The most important disciples of Julius Sachs as a professor in Würzburg are portrayed and the lasting influence of Sachs´s ideas on plant biology is described., Dieter Volkmann., and 5 il.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

49. Changes in chloroplast morphology of different parenchyma cells in leaves of Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. during desiccation and following rehydration

Creator:
Nagy-Déri, H., Péli, E. R., Georgieva, K., and Tuba, Z.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
botanika, botany, chloroplast, dessication tolerance, homoiochlorophyllous, mesophyll, palisade parenchyma, and spongy parenchyma
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
The size, shape, and number of chloroplasts in the palisade and spongy parenchyma layers of Haberlea rhodopensis leaves changed significantly during desiccation and following rehydration. The chloroplasts became smaller and more rounded during desiccation, and aggregated in the middle of the cell. The size and number of chloroplasts in the palisade parenchyma cells were higher than in spongy parenchyma. The good correlation observed between the size or number of chloroplasts and the cross-sectional area of mesophyll cells, the cross-sectional width of the leaf and its water content suggested that the palisade cells were more responsive to water availability than the spongy cells. Changes in chloroplast number during desiccation and rehydration process are characteristic features for desiccation-tolerant plants (especially in homoiochlorophyllous strategy). and H. Nagy-Déri ... [et al.].
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

50. Changes in photosynthesis, fluorescence, and nitrogen metabolism of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) in response to exogenous glutamic acid

Creator:
Yu, C., Lv, D. G. , Qin, S. J., Yang, L., Ma, H. Y., and Liu, G. C.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
botanika, botany, chlorophyll fluorescence, glutamine synthetase, leaf nitrogen content, net photosynthetic rate, nitrate reductase, soluble protein content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
Photosynthesis, chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence, and nitrogen metabolism of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.), subjected to exogenous L-glutamic acid (GLA) (200 mg l-1, 400 mg l-1, and 800 mg l-1) that possibly affect secondary metabolic regulation, were measured. The results indicated that photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics of hawthorn exhibited positive responses to the application of GLA. Different concentrations of GLA caused an increase in Chl content, net photosynthetic rate (PN) and stomatal conductance (g s) as well as transpiration rate (E), and improved the carboxylation efficiency (CE), apparent quantum yield (AQY) and maximum carboxylation velocity of Rubisco (Vcmax). Application of GLA could also enhance the maximum ratio of quantum yields of photochemical and concurrent non-photochemical processes in PSII (Fv/F0), the maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), the probability that an absorbed photon will move an electron into the electron transport chain beyond QA (ΦEo) as well as the performance index on absorption basis (PIABS), but decreased the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and the minimal fluorescence (F0). Application of GLA also induced an increase in nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1) and glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) activities, and increased the soluble protein content, leaf nitrogen (N) content and N accumulation in leaves as well as the plant biomass. However, the effects were different among different concentrations of GLA, and 800 mg l-1 GLA was better. This finding suggested that application of GLA is recommended to improve the photosynthetic capacity by increasing the light energy conversion and CO2 transfer as well as the photochemical efficiency of PSII, and enhanced the nitrogen metabolism and growth and development of plants. and C. YU ... [et al.].
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public