European Optical Society (EOS) is composed from 18 national societies (branches or affiliated societies) and individual members from more than 40 countries. Since several years, it plays important role in the organization of optics and photonics in Europe. The paper shortly overviews present activities of EOS with a focus to recent EOS Annual Topical Meeting. and Evropská optická společnost (EOS) je tvořena 18 národními společnostmi a jednotlivci z více než 40 zemí (celkem 6000 členů). V posledních letech hraje stále významnější roli v organizování optiky v Evropě. V příspěvku je krátce nastíněna její aktuální činnost v evropských aktivitách v optice a fotonice se zaměřením na právě skončenou konferenci EOS Annual Topical Meeting.
In the abandoned quarry of San Carlos (Ibiza, Balearics) prey remains of the barn owl were collected. A total of 6,977 identifiable bone remains from 2,767 individuals of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians was found. The spectrum of mammals clearly shows two main prey groups: mice (Mus domesticus, M. spretus : 39.4 %) and shrews (Crocidura russula, C. suaveolens : 38.4 %). Voles, which in continental Europe are the owl’s most numerous prey, are absent on Ibiza; these were replaced by mice and shrews. The record of the Pityusic wall lizard Podarcis pityusensis in the prey remains (0.5%) is remarkable. Obviously, the periods of activity of lizard and barn owl do not ordinarily overlap. One possible explanation might be that due to low prey density, Tyto alba probably starts hunting earlier during summer with its shorter nights. A skull of the European free-tailed bat (Tadarida teniotis) was recorded from the sediment, definitely confirming this species for the first time on Ibiza.
Polish Ethnological Society (PES) [Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze] was established on the 9th February, 1895 in Lviv as Ethnological Society [Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze]. The name was
changed in 1947. This article presents the most important facts from the history of PES (the beginnings, twenty years of interwar period, times after the Second World War) as well as organizational structure (branches and sections) and various activities (publishing, library, archives, Center for Ethnographic Documentation and Information [Ośrodek Dokumentacji i Informacji Etnograficznej], Polish Ethnographic Atlas [Polski Atlas Etnograficzny], Kolberg´s Center [Pracownia Kolbergowska], Opening Education Center [Pracownia Edukacji Otwierającej] and others). International cooperation was also described, including Czech threads. A crucial moment in the functioning of the Society was the change of borders in Central Europe after the Second World War. Lviv was left outside Poland and the head office was moved first to Lublin, then to Poznan. Since 1953 it has been located in Wroclaw.
This paper concerns the life-cycle of Carabus dufouri Dejean 1829, one of the most representative species of Carabus in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. The study is based on data of the annual activity patterns in the natural habitat, on anatomical observations related to the sex and age of the specimens, on the reproductive condition of females and, finally, on the results of laboratory rearing experiments carried out to study the oviposition patterns and the course of development of immature stages. The results indicate that C. dufouri shows the annual rhythm of autumn breeders. However, the rhythm may also be related to the winter-breeder type of North Africa.
The adult sex ratio among the genus Parnassius is usually strongly male biased and close to 2 : 1. This paper presents the results of comparative studies, on the basis of data from wild and captive reared populations of apollo butterfly in the Pieniny National Park (Western Carpathians, Poland). Sex ratio among the wild population is strongly male biased and close to 2 : 1, whereas there was no sex ratio bias among the captive population. However, among the captive individuals caught after releasing into the wild, males significantly outnumbered females. There was a significant, sex-related, difference in activity pattern recorded in the field studies: while the majority of females were observed sitting, males were usually flying. This result suggests that the observed sex ratio shifting is at least partially an artifact caused by the more cryptic behaviour of females. The sex ratio bias was more pronounced in the wild population than in captive individuals caught after releasing into wild, which suggests that difference in detectability between the sexes is not the only reason for males outnumbering females.
The source of increased danger in medicine is the basis of responsibility without guilt. Medical staffcan bear responsibility without guilt while carrying out medical activities.
The study presents F. Suárez’s theory of the principles of sensation in the context of medieval (Averroes, John of Jandun) and renaissance philosophy (Nifo, Cajetan). It proceeds in five steps. First, it considers Suárez’s ontology of sensory cognitive act. Second, it treats Suárez’s theory of the formation of sensible species. Third, it presents Suárez’s ontology of sensible species. Fourth, it exposes Suárez’s theory of the efficient causes of the sensory cognitive act. In conclusion, the author states that Suárez’s theory, compared to the doctrines of Aquinas and Thomists, constitutes the significant historical shift from cognitive passivism to cognitive activism mirroring the Zeitgeist of the Renaissance philosophy without abandoning the basic tenets of the traditional Aristotelian – scholastic philosophy., Studie prezentuje teorii F. Suáreze o principech vnímání v kontextu středověkých (Averroes, John of Jandun) a renesanční filosofie (Nifo, Cajetan). Postupuje v pěti krocích. Za prvé považuje Suárezovu ontologii smyslového kognitivního aktu. Za druhé, jedná se o Suárezovu teorii utváření rozumných druhů. Za třetí, prezentuje Suárezovu ontologii rozumných druhů. Za čtvrté, odhaluje Suárezovu teorii efektivních příčin smyslového kognitivního aktu. V závěru autor uvádí, že Suárez teorie, ve srovnání s učením Tomáše Akvinského a Thomists, představuje významný historický posun od kognitivní passivism na kognitivní aktivismu zrcadlení na Zeitgeist renesančního filozofie aniž bychom opustili základní zásady tradiční aristotelské - scholastické filozofie., and Daniel Heider
Intercropping may have a positive effect on the abundance and activity of carabid beetles and therefore their response to intercropping yellow lupin with spring triticale was studied for a period of three years (2001-2003). Carabids were most numerous in yellow lupin monoculture and in the intercrop with the highest proportion of lupin. Important differences between the experimental treatments were found, but they were mostly non-significant because of the great variation between samples. It is supposed that the positive effect of lupin on carabid beetles was due to the shelter it provides. During the three-year study 59 species of carabid beetles were recorded. The most abundant species in each treatment was Pseudoophonus rufipes. Irrespective of the experimental treatment, this species was caught in the greatest numbers towards the end of each growing season. This was probably because of the greater soil coverage provided by the larger lupin plants at the end of the season.
In 1995-1997, we studied the factors which may influence the ground "activity density" of Carabidae using pitfall traps placed in winter wheat, winter rape and pea stands (1995 only) grown within a 1 km2 area with uniform physical conditions. The traps were placed in plots of bare ground established within the crops and under surrounding intact plant stands. The communities were similar between crops within years (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.60 - 0.81), and between years within crops (r = 0.89 - 0.91), except for the poor winter rape stand in 1997. Factors influencing carabid "activity density" were: (i) Density of crop stand. The carabids preferred crop-shaded ground as long as crop density was low or medium but moved to bare ground plots when crop density became high. Under moderate crop density the preference differed between beetle species, most of which preferred crop-shaded ground while a few ones preferred bare ground. Carabid preferences were probably determined by microclimatic differences caused by presence and density of crop cover. (ii) Presence of seeds dropped on the ground. In rape stands, presence of crop and weed seeds increased the "activity density" of seed predators (species of genera Amara, Harpalus, Ophonus and Pseudoophonus). Scattering of rape seeds significantly increased local activity density of Harpalus affinis and H. distinguendus in the wheat stand. (iii) Presence of aphids. Activity density of Bembidion lampros and Trechus quadristriatus and between-year variation in pooled abundance of the five species recognised as aphid predators was associated with variation in aphid abundance.
The toxicity of cadmium and zinc at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 µg/l was investigated against the activity of Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) cercariae. Over a 24 h exposure period a significant reduction in cercarial activity occurred in solutions of cadmium, zinc, and a mixture of cadmium and zinc at all concentrations. Reduced cercarial activity also occurred in all toxicant solutions compared with controls after only 6 h exposure indicating that cercariae were vulnerable during the period of maximum cercarial infectivity (0-5 h). The mechanisms of metal toxicity and their importance to parasite transmission are discussed.