Předložený příspěvek popisuje, jakým způsobem dochází k (re)konstruování školního vědeckého slovníku – procesu předávání a osvojování školních vědeckých pojmů a hledání jejich významů prostřednictvím řeči. Proces (re)konstruování školního slovníku je chápán jako součást socializace do školního jazyka, tzn. jako součást obsáhlejšího procesu, v jehož rámci se žáci učí využívat jazyk specifickým, kulturně podmíněným způsobem, ve shodě se zvyklostmi výukových aktivit daného školního předmětu, kterým je v případě této studie český jazyk – mluvnice. Studie je koncipována jako kvalitativní výzkumné šetření, jež je vystavěno na principech lingvistické etnografie. Na základě analýzy dat jsou představeny a popsány čtyři fáze (střet jazyků, fáze bilingvní, vědecká explicitní a vědecká implicitní), jimiž učitelky i žáci v procesu (re)konstruování školního vědeckého slovníku procházejí. Dále jsou vymezeny tzv. překladové strategie, jimiž se učitelky snaží přiblížit žákům obsah pojmů, s nimiž se ve výuce aktuálně pracuje. and The present paper describes the way in which a school scientific vocabulary is (re)constructed – the process of mediation and acquisition of school scientific concepts and search for their meanings through speech. The process of school vocabulary (re)construction is viewed as a part of socialization in the school language, i.e. as a part of a more complex process where students learn to use language in a specific and culturally conditioned way in accordance with habitual teaching activities of a given school subject – Czech Grammar in the case of this study. The study is framed as qualitative research built upon principles of the linguistic ethnography. Based on data analysis, it presents and describes four stages (the clash of languages, the bilingual stage, the explicit scientific stage, and the implicit scientific stage) that teachers and students go through in the process of school scientific vocabulary (re)construction. Further, it defines "translation strategies", which teachers use in order to elucidate the content of concepts currently used in instruction to students.
Přestože předpokladem úspěšné realizace didaktických a výchovných cílů ve výuce je ustavení adekvátních mocenských vztahů mezi učitelem a žáky, byl koncept moci učitele ve školní třídě do odborného českého pedagogického prostředí zaveden až nedávno a byl zatím zkoumán prostřednictvím interview, pozorování, reflektivních textů a jejich kvalitativních analýz (např. Makovská, 2010, 2011; Šeďová, 2011, 2015). Naším cílem je představit českou adaptaci dotazníkového nástroje Teacher Power Use Scale – TPUS (Schrodt, Witt, & Turman, 2007), která měří pět tradičně odlišovaných bází relační moci (expertní, referenční, legitimní, donucovací a odměňovací) dle teorie Frenche a Ravena (1959). Přínosem tohoto kvantitativního přístupu je relativně rychlé z jištění daných bází moci učitele u velkého počtu respondentů a srovnatelnost výsledků. Adaptace se zaměřovala na rozšíření věkového spektra pro užití nástroje (tj. na žáky a učitele druhého stupně základní školy) a přiz působení nástroje českým podmínkám. Pětifaktorový model byl redukován na čtyřfaktorové řešení, protože legitimní a donucovací báze moci byly českými žáky vnímány jako jeden faktor. Vysoké korelace těchto bází moci jsou z jišťovány i v jiných, zahraničních studiích. Koeficienty reliability dosahovaly pro všechny báze moci hodnot nad 0,70. Českou verzi dotazníku Báze moci: verze pro učitele (BMS) je možné používat jak pro výzkumné účely, tak v praxi (učiteli či vzdělavateli učitelů, kde může obohatit jejich pohled na vlastní pedagogické působení). and Even though the establishment of power relations among teachers and students is a precondition for successful realization of didactical and educational aims in instructional settings, the concept of teacher power was only lately stabilized within Czech educational theory and has been investigated only qualitatively through interviews, observations, and reflective texts (e.g. Makovská, 2010, 2011; Šeďová, 2011, 2015). Our aim is to present a Czech adaptation of the Teacher Power Use Scale (Schrodt, Witt, & Turman, 2007), which measures relational power traditionally differentiated into five power bases (expert, reference, legitimate, coercive, and reward) according to French and Raven's theory (1959). The benefit of this quantitative approach is its relatively fast estimation of the five teacher power bases even with a high number of respondents and the comparability of the resultant findings. The adaptation focused on extending the instrument's applicability to a larger variety of respondents (younger learners at ISCED 2A and their teachers) and Czech educational conditions. The five factor/bases model was reduced by confirmatory factor analysis, item analysis, and reliability analysis to a four-factor solution because Czech students in lower secondary education perceived legitimate and coercive power bases as a single factor. High correlations between these bases have also been reported in other international studies. The reliability coefficients for all power bases were higher than 0.70. The Czech version of the instrument (Báze moci: verze pro učitele) can be used further in research or instructional practice – by teachers and teacher educators, where it can broaden their views on their own educational work.
The aim of this explorative research study was to identify the relationship between the positions of individual students in their peer social networks and their classroom seating arrangement through sociometry and social network analysis. We examined the social networks of 17 classrooms comprising 363 students (183 boys, 180 girls) attending lower secondary schools (ISCED 2A). We found that positions in social networks could not be connected with single specific seating positions. Nonetheless, certain tendencies can be observed. Students who are perceived as more likeable sit in the middle column of the classroom and are seated close to each other. Locations inhabited by dominant students are positioned further from teachers and further apart from each other. The increase of the values of degree centrality, closeness centrality, and eigenvector centrality is noticeable in desks positioned further away from the teacher. By comparing these results with studies examining seating arrangements as a means of distributing learning opportunities through student participation, specific zones can be observed in the classroom that could benefit the children seated there in their roles as students and at the same time in their roles as classmates.
In this study, we present an action research project studying classroom discourse that took place at the Department of Educational Sciences at Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts, in Brno, the Czech Republic. The core of this project consisted of a development programme for teachers focused on a change in communication methods in dialogic teaching. We observed four teachers who took part in the programme in 2013/2014. Our goal was to determine how much the participation in the programme led to an actual change in teacherstudent communication in the classroom. The data analysis showed that the participating teachers did actually change their communication methods – there was an increase in the average levels of openness, cognitive demand, length of student replies, and the number of cases when students themselves initiated communication. The data analysis also showed that the process of change is unique for each teacher and there is no unified trajectory.
This paper examines the emotions that eight teachers experienced during intervention research project on the transformation of their teaching practices. During the program which we designed, the teachers were trained to transform their teaching practices so that they would include more features of dialogic education. In this paper, we analyze data from repeated interviews with teachers who participated in our project. Based on qualitative analysis of our data, we differentiated among four groups of teachers, each with a unique self-understanding. The groups included teachers who were: perfect, eager to learn, in a good mood, and uncertain. Our paper shows that each group experienced specific emotions during the program. The only group that did not experience negative emotions was teachers in a good mood. These teachers also implemented the fewest changes in their teaching practices. Our results thus show that a lack of negative emotions limited the efficacy of teacher development.