The article is divided into three main parts. In the first part, an overview of scholarly views on trust/trustworthiness is provided. The second part is concerned with the issue of how the politicians’ trustworthiness is measured by contemporary research agencies. In the third part, the experiment on politicians’ trustworthiness utilizing a new method is reported. This method is based on indirect questioning and it builds on the hypothesis that the more trustworthy a politician is, the more people will agree with his statements and consider them seriously. Four parallel questionnaires were employed. The first questionnaire (N=53) contained 10 short fictitious quotations and subjects were asked to rate them according to their solidness, acceptability, and positivity, and they were asked to say to what extentdid they agree with them. Five of these quotations were used in the next three questionnaires (N=48;47;42) and the names of five Czech politicians (K. Schwarzenberg, A. Vondra, R. John, V. Filip and B. Sobotka) were attached to them. No name was attached to the same quotation twice. Respondents were divided into four independent groups and each group responded to one questionnaire. The independent two-sample t-test was used for the comparison of the ratings and 20 statistically significant results were obtained. This means the method could be one of the keys for a better future understanding of such a complex notion as is the trustworthiness of politicians is., Jan Chromý, Ondřej Dufek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
V pojetí kulturně specifického eticko-psychologického systému abhidhamma, ze kterého vychází psychoterapeutický směr satiterapie, je důvěra jednou z klíčových schopností mysli. Text kazuistiky ukazuje, jak je v terapeutickém procesu na podkladě kultivace všímavosti rozvíjena klientova schopnost zdravě podložené důvěry a jak směřuje k růstu kompetencí klienta dovedně zvládat každodenní život. and According to Abhidhamma, a culture specific ethical-psychological system which inspired a psychotherapeutical approach of satitherapy, trust is one of the key proficiencies of the mind. The case study demonstrates the development of client´s proficiencies of healthily grounded trust in the process of psychotherapy through cultivation of mindfulness and the growth of client´s competences to cope more ably with daily life.
Informovaný souhlas je fundamentální etická i právní doktrína, která má ochraňovat práva pacienta. Filosofové a právníci vytvořili množství odborné literatury, která se zabývá otázkou autonomie, sebe-určení v kontextu informovaného souhlasu. Primárním cílem tohoto článku je provést historickou analýzu, vycházející z empirických studií, přičemž předmětem zkoumání budou historické prameny popisující vztah mezi pacientem a lékaře. Při tomto historickém zkoumání je třeba mít stále na vědomí, že informovaný souhlas je hybridní koncept – skládá se totiž z prvku lékařovy povinnosti sdělovat informace pacientovi a z pacientovy vůle podstoupit léčbu. V tomto článku se pokusím analyzovat oba tyto koncepty. Historická analýza pak poodkrývá, že vztah lékaře a pacienta byl založen na „paternalistickém“ konceptu, doktoři chtěli činit dobro pro své pacienty, aniž by se jich ptali na názor a přenášeli na ně rozhodovací pravomoc. Historie medicínské etiky se odvíjela od Hippokratovské přísahy. V starověké i středověké medicíně není pacient přizván do procesu rozhodování o jeho léčbě. V moderní éře by tomu mělo být jinak. Má však jít o radikální změnu? V článku jsou zkoumany dvě odlišné interpretace vztahu lékaře a pacienta v historickém kontextu, teze obhajovaná Martinem Pernickem a druhá zastávaná psychiatrem Jay Katzem. Katz mluví o „tichém světu lékaře a pacienta“, který přetrvával minimálně do druhé poloviny 20. století. Pernick nesouhlasí. Podle ně koncepty pravdomluvnosti vůči pacientovi, s čímž souvisí i snaha dosáhnout souhlasu pacienta s navrženou léčbou, jsou přítomny již minimálně v 18. století. Článek srovnává obě teze a vyvozuje etické závěry. and Informed consent is the fundamental ethical and legal doctrine that protects the patient's rights. Philosophers and lawyers have created an enormous literature addressing the themes of personal autonomy, self-determination, and informed consent. Firstly, this article makes a historical research based on some empirical studies, searching for historical sources of doctor – patient relationship. Informed consent is a little bit hybrid concept which speaks both to physicians´ disclosure obligations and patients´ willingness to undergo a particular treatment. Both elements and their historical background shall be analysed in this article. The brief history of doctor-patient communication seems to be based on paternalistic approach. Throughout the ages physicians believed that they should make treatment decisions for their patients. This conviction inheres in the Hippocratic Oath. The patient is not mentioned as a person whose ability and judgment deserve consideration, at least in the antique and medieval ages. We can find slide different opinions on communication between doctor and patient in modern era. Two recently framed and competitive historical analyses illustrate the difficulty of amassing historical evidence about informed consent and its historical justifications. The two theses have been ably defended by historian Martin S. Pernick and psychiatrist Jay Katz. Katz speaks about “the silent world of doctor and patient”, which persists at least till the second half of 20th century. By contrast, Pernick concludes, after a thorough examination of a wide variety of nineteenth-century sources, that "truth-telling” and “consent-seeking” have long been part of an indigenous medical tradition, based on medical theories that taught that knowledge and autonomy had demonstrably beneficial effects on most patients' health.
There are at least two significantly different approaches to the conceptualisation of social capital. Advocates of the most influential stream define social capital primarily as an attribute of societies, as an innate characteristic of the social environment based on the high degree of interpersonal and institutional trust facilitating people's co-operation. Adherents of the other stream define social capital in terms of mutually beneficial exchanges based on social connections and informal networks allowing individuals to achieve their own particular goals. The former approach prevails in 'western' countries, while the latter one prevails in the study of social change in post-communist societies where social capital drawing from interpersonal trust seems to be rather low. The aim of this article is to contribute to the conceptualisation and measurement of social capital, with a special emphasis on its role in post-communist societies. The authors attempt to develop a measurement model for the two distinct dimensions of social capital mentioned above. The measurement model for the two dimensions of social capital is developed and tested by confirmatory factor analysis. The authors proceed by testing the hypothesis that social capital defined as trust is only weakly linked to social stratification, while social capital defined as a person's involvement in mutually beneficial exchanges shows significant variation between groups defined by relevant stratification variables. The analysis was performed on the data from the Social Networks survey carried out in the Czech Republic in 2001 under the International Social Survey Programme.
Důvěra je velice důležitou součástí života každého člověka a současně i velkým tématem vědecké psychologie. Jedná se o fenomén mající vztah ke všem formám života, činnosti, chování a vědomí člověka, bez kterého není možná existence člověka v současném světě. I přesto, že se jedná o tak zásadní téma, tak v současné době neexistuje v českém jazyce přehledová studie, která by tento fenomén komplexně popisovala. Hlavním cílem článku je popis fenoménu důvěry, specifických okolností, vybraných charakteristik a procesů, které s tímto fenoménem souvisejí, a to prostřednictvím analýzy dostupných výzkumných studií a prostřednictvím analýzy toho, jaké charakteristiky důvěry jsou v současných výzkumech sledovány a studovány a v jakých souvislostech. Dalším cílem článku bylo na základě současného výzkumného bádání zmapovat a uspořádat poznatky o významu a funkcích fenoménu důvěry a nedůvěry v existenci a vývoji jedince., Trust is a very important part of life of every human and at the same time the theme for psychological science. It is the phenomenon related to all forms of life, activity, behavior, and human consciousness, without which, the human existence in contemporary world is not possible. Although it is the principal theme, there is to the present day no overview study in Czech describing complexly this phenomenon. The main goal of the paper is the description of the trust phenomenon, specific circumstances, selected characteristics, and processes connected to this phenomenon, namely by the means of analyses of accessible studies and by analyzing, which characteristics of trust are studied in contemporary research and in which context. The further goal of the paper is to map and organize the knowledge concerning the relevance and functions of trust and mistrust phenomenon in the existence and development of an individual on the basis of contemporary research., Marek Kolařík, Drahoslava Rödlová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury