The paper is designed as a set of reflections of a rather general nature. It describes the presence of Vietnamese in the Czech Republic during the last twenty years. The text captures changes describable only in trends. These are gradual transformations of local communities into modern Central European diaspora or a transnational community. For Vietnamese in the Czech Republic, the impulse to solve their economic situation dominates in terms of objective causes as well as the subjective reasoning of individual participants of the transfer. Business activities played a major role in the development of the community life of Vietnamese. These were either uncontrolled (unofficial) street sales of goods, variously organized retail or sales in wholesale markets. Phases of Vietnamese entrepreneurship in the Czech environment: 1.
Uncontrolled street stall selling (1990-1992) following previous business activities from the 1980s, 2. forming of urban and border zone markets (1992-1995), 3. so-called golden times of markets (1995-1998), 4. gradual decline in stall sales in markets and shift of Vietnamese business into stores (1998–today). A significant difference of Vietnamese existence is the fact that it does not seek a new identity when it moves to another country. A Vietnamese businessman is more strongly enclosed in his own cultural habits; after moving he prefers financial profit not only for himself but also for his family back in Vietnam. The dominant form containing
classic purchasing and sales of cheap goods is slowly
disappearing, the interest in making money is transforming and the tendency to establish new associations is apparent.
The article deals with the topic of migration from cities to villages in the Czech Republic and Austria and the opportunities for the social integration of newcomers. It relates partly to the problems of suburbanisation but is not limited to just migration to suburban villages. The analysis is based on a qualitative study conducted in 2003-2004 using grounded theory, and it examines the subjective viewpoints of the incomers and their assessments of their situation. The author reveals two different patterns of motivation for migration, presents a typology of relationships between the incomers and the village community, and distinguishes three basic 'orientations' among the incomers: a village orientation, a city orientation, and an orientation towards self-sufficiency. These specific orientations emerge in the process of mutual interaction between the preferences of the incomers and the integration opportunities offered by particular villages; they are not exclusive and can change over time. The author closes with a summary of the differences between the situation in the Czech Republic and Austria, which may be a result of different structural conditions and different historical backgrounds.
Long-term spring phenological instants of 57 migratory bird species, i.e. arrival in summer visitors and departure in winter visitors, were recorded in South Moravia (Czech Republic) from 1952 through 2001 and evaluated for annual correspondence with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) weather system. The migration instants occurred significantly earlier following positive winter/spring NAO index values (causing periods warmer than normal in Europe) in a number of short-distance migrants with a European winter range (e.g., Alauda arvensis, Columba palumbus, Corvus frugilegus, Motacilla alba, Phoenicurus ochruros, Phylloscopus collybita, Serinus serinus, Sturnus vulgaris, Vanellus vanellus), whereas they did not correlate with NAO in most long-distance migrants having a sub-Saharan winter range (e.g., Acrocephalus spp., Anthus trivialis, Apus apus, Cuculus canorus, Delichon urbica, Ficedula albicollis, Hippolais icterina, Hirundo rustica, Jynx torquilla, Lanius collurio, Locustella spp., Muscicapa striata, Oriolus oriolus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Riparia riparia, Streptopelia turtur, Sylvia spp.). The winter/spring (especially February and March) NAO conditions thus affect the migration timing of short-distance migrants that winter in western or southern Europe, and could explain their earlier than normal arrival that had been observed in Europe since the 1980s.
The aim of the following text was to intermediate the personal reflection of migrants of preponderantly Czech origin who were in the years 1991-1993 resettled from the former Soviet Union to the Czech Republic. Better to say, the article focuses on one specific group of these displaced persons who came in the year 1993 and have lived since then in the locality Kopidlno. The main aim of the text is to reflect the way how the refugees themselves at present assess the motivation for their leaving of the land of their forefathers, how they evaluate their adaptation and integration with respect to the locality in which they live, how did they cope with the „resettlement shock“ and how did they succeed in the „competition“ with the majority society, for example at work. The final part of the text presents the differences in assessment of the return migration process and in evaluation of the locality between the first and second generation of the return migrants. The text was based on repeated guided interviews and observations realized in the locality of Kopidlno during the years 2008-2010.
This study attempts to analyse the basic tendency of the Austrian state to regulate and control the move of inhabitants. After fading of population theories that saw state wealth in the population growth, therefore supporting immigration, the period of the Napoleonic wars came that became catalyser of a rapid legal development in the field of immigration. Entirely unprepared Austria specialised its basic strategies in respect of foreigners and of the population move control. The attitude of the state to foreigners determines their "utility for the state", which finally results in the establishment of categories of foreigners: privileged, facultative, and undesirable. Applying practical examples, the study specifies such classification of foreigners and of their destinies within the Austrian state. The privileged: The Netherlands textile specialists in the fine cloth factory in Náměšť near Brno; Turkish merchants and subjects of the High Porte of the Jewish religion; the facultative: the Netherlands state officers who, due to their loyalty to Austria, had to leave their homeland after the occupation of the Austrian Netherlands (later Belgium) by the French Republic; the undesirable: The French who were potentially suspected of propagation of revolution ideas or of espionage; here examples of the high French nobility have been specified, i.e. of the de Bombelles family and of dismissed highranking officers of the elite Prince de Condé Regiment (then in active service of Russia)., Zdeňka Stoklásková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Dějiny lidských populací (změny v počtu obyvatel a jejich původu) jsou jednou z domén biologické antropologie, resp. archeogenetiky. Za poslední desetiletí došlo k významnému rozvoji molekulárně-genetických a biostatistických postupů, jejichž prostřednictvím bylo možné rekonstruovat demografické změny minulých populací v nejrůznějších částech světa. V době, kdy se genetické postupy při rekonstrukci pravěku utvářely, jsme vycházeli z limitovaného množství vzorků a studia jen části lidské genetické variability. Dnes se ocitáme v éře genomiky, a měli bychom tedy mluvit spíše o archeogenomice, která pracuje s nepoměrně větším počtem dat a dosahuje mnohem spolehlivějších výsledků. Nepochybujeme ale o tom, že v následujícím období se bude rekonstrukce populačních dějin ještě přepisovat a doplňovat, např. i díky novým poznatkům v oblasti epigenomiky a mikrobiomu. V tomto příspěvku bychom chtěli přiblížit přístupnou formou současné výsledky genetických studií pravěku Evropy, jež spolu s kulturními dějinami vytvářejí ucelenější obraz naší sdílené, ale nikým nezapsané minulosti. and History of human populations (changes in the number of inhabitants and their origin) represent one of the domains of biological anthropology, or more precisely archaeogenetics. The recent decade has seen significant advances in molecular-genetic and biostatistical methods that allowed reconstruction of demographic changes in past populations in different parts of the world. At the time of development of genetic methods for reconstruction of prehistory, we had at our disposal a limited number of samples enabling us to study only certain parts of human genetic variability, while today we find ourselves in the era of genomics, and we should therefore rather refer to archaeogenomics, working with incomparably bigger amount of data and achieving far more reliable results. Furthermore, there is no doubt that the upcoming periods will complete the population history reconstruction, e.g. with new knowledge achieved in the fields of epigenomics and microbiome. This article nonetheless aims to present in a reader-friendly way the recent results of genetic studies of European prehistory, which together with the cultural history give a more complete picture of our shared yet unwritten past.
This review considers factors affecting the flight capacity of carabid beetles and the implications of flight for carabids. Studies from the Dutch polders in particular show that young populations of carabids consist predominantly of macropterous species and macropterous individuals of wing-dimorphic species. Also populations of wing-dimorphic carabid species at the periphery of their geographical range contain high proportions of macropterous individuals. However, studies from Baltic archipelagos show that older populations of even highly isolated island habitats contain considerable proportions of brachypterous species and individuals. This suggests that macroptery is primarily an adaptation for dispersal and that there exists a mechanism for subsequently reducing the ratio of macropterous to brachypterous species under stable conditions, due to the competitive advantage of brachyptery. Populations in isolated habitats, such as islands and mountains, have high proportions of brachypterous species. Many macropterous species do not possess functional flight muscles. Species of unstable habitats, such as tree canopies and wet habitats, are mostly macropterous. Brachypterous species tend to disappear from disturbed habitats. There is uncertainty regarding the extent to which carabid dispersal is directed and how much passive. Both Den Boer and Lindroth recognized that mostly macropterous individuals of macropterous and wing-dimorphic species disperse and found new populations, after which brachyptery tends to rapidly appear and proliferate in the newly founded population. It is most likely that the allele for brachyptery would arrive via the dispersal of gravid females which had mated with brachypterous males prior to emigration. Whilst many studies consider wing morphology traits of carabid beetles to be species-specific and permanent, a number of studies have shown that the oogenesis flight syndrome, whereby females undertake migration and subsequently lose their flight muscles by histolysis before eventually regenerating them after reproducing, has been reported for a growing number of carabid species. Wing morphology of carabid beetles clearly offers strong potential for the study of population dynamics. This field of study flourished during the 1940's to the late 1980's. Whilst a considerable amount of valuable research has been performed and published, the topic clearly holds considerable potential for future study., Stephen Venn., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Experimental infection of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) with the monogenean Discocotyle sagittata (Leuckart, 1842) allowed comparison between trickle and single exposure, two infection modes demonstrated to occur in the wild. Both types of infection resulted in mean larval attachment success around 50%, which was significantly dependent on dose of infective larvae used (P < 0.0001), but was not affected by mode of infection (P = 0.244). Worms recovered from fish exposed to the same number of oncomiracidia but different mode of infection differed in their rate of development. The developmental stage attained by parasites was significantly affected by number of infective larvae used (P = 0.005), and by the interaction between dose and mode of infection (P = 0.026), suggesting competition among attached larvae. Statistical analysis demonstrated that in the early stages of infestation, worm distribution over the gill arches can be explained by the relative amount of water flowing over them. One, two and three months post-infection parasite numbers were comparable (P = 0.805), but their observed distribution gradually decreased in gill arches III and IV and increased in gill arch I, suggesting that parasites migrate after initial attachment. These results reproduce phenomena observed in the field, indicating that the experimental infection system could be employed to study infection dynamics and host-parasite interactions under controlled conditions.
Parmi les matériaux qui ont été recueillis en surface sur le site nouvellement découvert en Moravie figurent des fibules, des parures annulaires et d’autres objets qui caractérisent la phase initiale de cet habitat et appartiennent à l’expression artistique des Celtes de la première moitié du IIIe siècle avant J.-C. connue comme Style plastique. Particulièrement remarquable, le manche d’un coutelas avec deux éléments décorés en relief, fondus à cire perdue sur la soie en fer. Les analogies stylistiques les plus proches proviennent de Bohême et de Moravie, mais également de régions très éloignées (Mezek en Bulgarie, région parisienne), dans le contexte des mouvements celtiques autour de l’expédition balkanique de 280 avant J.-C. Il s’agit probablement d’un produit local, témoin important du rôle de la Moravie dans la formation et la diffusion des nouvelles formes d’expression artistique. Il confirme, avec d’autres objets caractéristiques du Style plastique, le rôle central important joué dès la première moitié du IIIe siècle avant J.-C. par l’agglomération de Němčice. and An extraordinary cutlass handle from Němčice. Materials collected at a new site in Moravia unearthed the oldest La Tène period horizon (B2), and yielded finds of brooches, various rings and other items typical for the beginning of the so-called “plastic” style of the first half of the third century BC. Of these, an ornamental cutlass handle stood out in particular. This category of items is entirely unique with its relief decoration of both parts cast over the iron tang using the lost-wax casting method. The closest analogy in terms of style can be found either at Bohemian-Moravian finds, or further at Mezek, Bulgaria, or art works from the Paris area, which are linked to the movement of Celts at the time of the Balkan campaigns in 280 BC. This is apparently a local product offering significant testimony on the key role of Moravia in the rise and spread of new artistic expression. Together with the other finds of “plastic” style, it points to the first half of the third century BC as the date of the beginning of the Němčice agglomeration.