The study deals with Anglophone and francophone identities in Africa on the example of Cameroon. In contemporary Africa, though quite hidden, one may encounter two ways of how both identities come into latent or open conflict. Language policies in Africa still show an inevitable impact and heritage of colonial past when European languages entered the African linguistic, political, social and cultural arenas causing further problems expecially in multi-ethnic societies or in states which came to existence by a junctiona of two different entities. This is exactly the case of Cameroon., Jan Záhořík., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Hlavním cílem článku je nabídnout základní výklad filosofie osvobození Enriqua Dussela, která představuje jednu z alternativních reflexí modernity z pozice utlačovaných. Výklad se soustředí na kulturní a filosofické zdroje filosofie osvobození. Důležitým východiskem textu je zarámování filosofie osvobození do kontextu postkolonialismu (Frantz Fanon, Edward W. Said a další). V tomto kontextu je důležitá metodologie dekolonizace myšlení, spočívající v odhalování hlubokých koloniálních tendencí v evropské epistemologii a ontologii. Další ústřední kategorií filosofie Enriqua Dussela je – kromě konceptu osvobození – ovšem také pojem exteriority, kterému věnuji nemalou část svého textu., The main goal of this article is to provide a basic interpretation of Enrique Dussel‘s philosophy of liberation which is one of the alternative analyses of modernity from the point of view of the oppressed. The analysis concentrates on the cultural and philosophical sources of the philosophy of liberation. The important point of departure is postcolonialism (Frantz Fanon or Edward W. Said for example) and in the postcolonial context the methodology of the decolonization of thought-processes is fundamental. The core of this methodology is the revelation of the colonial tendencies hidden in European epistemology and ontology. The main part of the text is dedicated to an analysis of liberation and exteriority., and Ondřej Lánský.
Článek se zabývá otázkou hospodářských a politických podmínek, které se promítly do sídelní výstavby trutnovského městského regionu ve 13.–14. století. Vznik manských sídel v rámci trutnovského lenního obvodu, podmíněný strategickými zájmy českých panovníků na pomezí Čech a Slezska, předpokládal nejprve kolonizaci podhorského kraje a vytvoření prvotních hospodářských struktur. Ty spojujeme se zavedením ekonomicko- správních institucí na německém právu (vikbilda) ve 2. polovině 13. století. Vznik manských vesnic a opevněných sídel, datovatelný na základě písemných i hmotných pramenů do 1. pol. 14. stol., resp. do doby kolem královského záboru konstituujícího se města Trutnova na přelomu 13. a 14. stol., znamenal nejen zahušťování sídelní sítě, ale také dotváření spádové tržní oblasti. Efektivní kolonizace, právní výhody, využívání přírodních zdrojů, tranzitní poloha a hospodářský rozvoj kraje poskytovaly v ekologicky náročných podmínkách záruky stability sídel a plnění jejich ekonomických a politicko-vojenských funkcí. and This article considers the question of the economic and political conditions projected onto the settlement build-up around Trutnov town in the 13th–14th centuries. The colonisation of the unoccupied foothills and the creation of the initial economic structures foreshadowed the appearance of vassal settlements in the Trutnov feudal lien, conditioned by the strategic interests of the Bohemian sovereigns in the Czech/Silesian borderlands. These are linked to the established economic/administrative institutions of German law (the weichbild) in the second half of the 13th century. The appearance of vassal villages and fortified seats, dated on the basis of written and material sources to the first half of the 14th century, i.e. to the period around the royal annexation constituting Trutnov at the turn of the 14th century, not only meant an increase in the density of the settlement network, but also the completion of a market catchment area. Effective colonisation, legal advantages, the use of natural resources, a transit location and the economic development of the region provided settlements a guarantee of stability in environmentally challenging conditions and of the fulfilment of their economic and politico-military functions.
This review considers factors affecting the flight capacity of carabid beetles and the implications of flight for carabids. Studies from the Dutch polders in particular show that young populations of carabids consist predominantly of macropterous species and macropterous individuals of wing-dimorphic species. Also populations of wing-dimorphic carabid species at the periphery of their geographical range contain high proportions of macropterous individuals. However, studies from Baltic archipelagos show that older populations of even highly isolated island habitats contain considerable proportions of brachypterous species and individuals. This suggests that macroptery is primarily an adaptation for dispersal and that there exists a mechanism for subsequently reducing the ratio of macropterous to brachypterous species under stable conditions, due to the competitive advantage of brachyptery. Populations in isolated habitats, such as islands and mountains, have high proportions of brachypterous species. Many macropterous species do not possess functional flight muscles. Species of unstable habitats, such as tree canopies and wet habitats, are mostly macropterous. Brachypterous species tend to disappear from disturbed habitats. There is uncertainty regarding the extent to which carabid dispersal is directed and how much passive. Both Den Boer and Lindroth recognized that mostly macropterous individuals of macropterous and wing-dimorphic species disperse and found new populations, after which brachyptery tends to rapidly appear and proliferate in the newly founded population. It is most likely that the allele for brachyptery would arrive via the dispersal of gravid females which had mated with brachypterous males prior to emigration. Whilst many studies consider wing morphology traits of carabid beetles to be species-specific and permanent, a number of studies have shown that the oogenesis flight syndrome, whereby females undertake migration and subsequently lose their flight muscles by histolysis before eventually regenerating them after reproducing, has been reported for a growing number of carabid species. Wing morphology of carabid beetles clearly offers strong potential for the study of population dynamics. This field of study flourished during the 1940's to the late 1980's. Whilst a considerable amount of valuable research has been performed and published, the topic clearly holds considerable potential for future study., Stephen Venn., and Obsahuje bibliografii