The molten reactor core-concrete interaction, which describes the effect of molten reactor spread on the concrete oor of the reactor cavity, is a very complex process to simulate and predict, but the knowledge of this process is of major importance for planning the emergency counteractions for severe accidents with respect to the Stress Tests requirements after the Fukushima-Daiichi accident. The key issue is to predict the rate and most probable focusation of the melt-through process which is affected by the concrete composition, especially by the aggregate type. A limited number of small-scale experiments have been conducted over the past years along with accompanying numerical models which focused mainly on the siliceous type of aggregate. It is common for the concrete structures that the limestone type or the mixture of these two types of aggregate are used as well. Then, the objective of this paper is to extend the knowledge gained from the experiments with the siliceous aggregate to the concrete structures which are made of limestone aggregate or their combination, such as limestone sand and siliceous gravel. The proposed one-dimensional model of the melt-through process is based on the fuzzy-logic interpretation of the thermodynamic trends which reflect the aggregate type. This approach allows estimating the asymptotic cases in terms of the melt-through depth in the concrete oor over time with respect to the aggregate type, which may help to decide the rather expensive further experimental efforts.
Ačkoli pojmy pro vyjádření komplexity v běžném jazyce jsou známy již od antiky, západní způsob přemýšlení o světě je ve své podstatě doménově specifický. Věda se rozdělila do mnoha specifických oblastí a suboblastí, mezi nimiž panovala jen velmi slabá spolupráce. Svět byl nahlížen jako soustava částí na sobě nezávislých, a tedy hierarchicky uspořádaných. Tento přístup je vhodný tehdy, jestliže pracujeme s velmi jednoduchými systémy, kde interakce mezi komponenty nejsou relevantní (jestli takové vůbec existují). Jestliže se ovšem chceme skutečně pokusit porozumět světu kolem nás je nevyhnutelně nutný komplexně systémový přístup. Pojmy jako objekty, struktury, prostředí, emergence, univerzalita, interakce, měřítko nebo evoluce dnes plní články předních odborníků v každé vědecké oblasti. Předkládaná kritická stať má dvě části: deskriptivní, kde se zaměřuji na jednu vybranou esej v rámci každého jednotlivého tématu a kritickou, v níž jedno vybrané téma analyzuji podrobněji. and Although there have been terms for complexity in ordinary language since antiquity, western way of thinking about the world is intrinsically domain-specific. Science is ramified into different fields and subfields among which there was only a very weak cooperation. The world was seen as made of the independent parts, and therefore hierarchical. This approach is useful when focused on very simple systems where the interactions between components are not relevant (if such exist at all). If, however, we really try to understand the world around us is inevitably required a complex system approach. Currently, concepts such as objects, structures, environment, emergence, universality, interaction, scale, or the evolution fills of articles leading experts in every scientific field. The submitted critical essay has two parts: descriptive, with focus on a selected essay within each theme and critical, in which a selected theme analyze in more details.
Since the publication of papers by Polis et al. (1989, 1992), intraguild predation (IGP) has been considered in numerous systems and a growing number of papers have been published, demonstrating the ubiquity and the importance of this interaction. It appears that aphidophagous guilds constitute especially favourable systems for IGP. Temporal and spatial distributions of aphids promote interactions, such as IGP, among natural enemies. However, despite extensive laboratory and field studies, several questions remain to be answered: Which traits of the different protagonists of the system may promote or hamper the occurrence of IGP? How do ants tending aphids modulate the interaction? How should one consider the "sub-lethal" effects (and the defensive mechanisms) associated with the risk of IGP? May IGP disrupt or enhance aphid control? These different issues are discussed by focusing on the predatory species in the complex system of aphidophagous guilds. It appears that, first, IGP may constitute one of the main forces influencing the structure and dynamics of aphidophagous guilds, and therefore it has to be taken into account in research studies, and second, because of the ephemeral nature of aphid colonies and the great number of species belonging to aphidophagous guilds, understanding all the implications of the interaction, both direct and indirect, constitutes a very complex task.
Physiological responses to light availability and soil flooding on Lindera melissifolia (Walt.) Blume were studied. Shrubs were grown under 70, 37 or 5% of full sunlight with either 0, 45, or 90 d of soil flooding. We measured leaf photosynthetic rate (PN) to test the hypothesis that soil flooding reduces PN in L. melissifolia following shrub acclimation to low light availability. Results showed that light availability and soil flooding interacted to affect PN. In the 0 d and
45 d flooding regimes (flood water removed 36-39 d prior to measurement), PN was similar between shrubs receiving 70% or 37% light, and these shrubs had 147% greater PN than shrubs receiving 5% light. Shrubs receiving 90 d of soil flooding had similar low rates of area-based PN regardless of light level. Similar PN between 0 d and 45 d flooded shrubs indicated physiological recovery following removal of flood water., B. R. Lockhart, E. S. Gardiner, T. D. Leininger, M. S. Devall, A. D. Wilson, K. F. Connor, P. B. Hamel, N. M. Schiff., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Případová studie z oblasti psychologie sportu se zaměřuje na úkoly a dovednosti trenéra. Dobré komunikační dovednosti trenéra přispívají ke zvýšení výkonu a osobnímu rozvoji svěřence, stejně tak k vytváření dobrého sociálního kontaktu se svěřencem a nastavení příznivého tréninkového (motivačního) klimatu. Cílem této případové studie bylo využít metodu Videotrénink interakcí (VTI; Biemans, 1990) za účelem rozvoje komunikačních, resp. sociálních dovedností trenéra a následně ohodnotit efekt této intervence.
Na základě předchozích zkušeností autorky (Baláková, 2011, 2013) s touto intervenční metodou byla rozšířena doba spolupráce s klientem i počet natáčení. Metody použité za účelem ohodnocení této intervenční metody (zúčastněné pozorování, polostrukturovaný rozhovor s trenérkou a dotazníky vyplněné hráčkami) byly mírně pozměněny.
Příspěvek napomáhá k rozšíření počtu aplikačních oblastí metody Videotrénink interakcí a ukazuje směr, jakým je možno pracovat na vzdělávání a rozvoji sportovních trenérů. and This case study relates to the field of sport psychology describing coach´s tasks and skills. Good communication skills of a coach contribute to performance enhancement, personal growth, good interpersonal relationship and also to positive motivational climate. The aim of this case study is to use the Video Interaction Guidance (VIG, in Czech rep. VTI; Biemans, 1990) method for working with coach in order to develop his communication and social skills and consequently evaluate utility of this method.
Based on the previous experience of the author with this intervention method (Baláková, 2011, 2013) number of interventions was extended. Methods used for the purpose of the evaluation of the intervention (participated observing, semi-structured interview with coach and questionnaires completed by players) have been slightly modified.
The paper helps to increase the number of VIG application areas and shows the direction how it is possible to educate coaches and improve their skills.
Témou príspevku je priestorové usporiadanie školskej triedy a jeho vplyv na pedagogickú komunikáciu. Príspevok má charakter prehľadovej štúdie postavenej na prevažne zahraničnom výskume, a predstavuje tri najčastejšie používané typy triedneho usporiadania z pohľadu doterajšieho empirického výskumu. Jednotlivé usporiadania sú predstavené na princípe účelnosti pri konkrétnych organizačných formách výuky a zamýšľaných komunikačných aktivitách a následne sú vzájomne porovnané. V závere príspevok pojednáva o existencii zóny dominantnej aktivity v sálovo usporiadanej triede a o príčinách jej vzniku. and The theme of this contribution is the spatial arrangement of the classroom and its impact on educational communication. The contribution is a review study based largely on research conducted abroad and presents three of the most common types of classroom arrangement as identified by previous empirical research. Specific arrangements are presented on the basis of the principle of efficiency in particular organizational forms of teaching and intended communication activities. These arrangements are then compared with each other. In conclusion, the contribution describes the existence of an action zone in hall-arranged classrooms and the cause of its origin.
This paper describes results of investigation of the stream-aquifer interaction on the south part of Hron basin area near sites Turá and Šárovce. The main goal of the study was to designe hydraulic model of the area and with help of modelling tools to find out interaction of stream flow and groundwater flow, and also influence of riverbed dropdown on groundwater and Článok obsahuje výsledky výskumu interakcie povrchových a podzemných vôd v južnej časti čiastkového povodia Hrona v blízkosti obcí Turá a Šárovce. Hlavným cieľom štúdie bolo vytvoriť hydraulický model územia a následne pomocou modelovacích nástrojov určiť veľkosť interakcie pri rôznych prietokoch, určiť dosah vplyvu prechodu povodňovej vlny na úroveň hladiny podzemnej vody v čase a priestore a stanoviť vplyv poklesu kóty dna rieky na hladinu podzemnej vody.