3D microscopy and image analysis provide reliable measurements of length, branching, density, tortuosity and orientation of tubular structures in biological samples. We present a survey of methods for analysis of large samples by measurement of local differences in geometrical characteristics. The methods are demonstrated on the structure of the capillary bed in a rat brain., J. Janáček ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Currently there exists a large number of different methods for surface characterization. Each method has its specific positives and negatives. This article offers a view at reference surface imperfections of optical surfaces using different observation techniques: scanning confocal microscopy, white light interferometry (WLI) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Purpose of this is as complex as possible view to morphology and topography of defects in three-dimensional scale and comparison with their optical properties. and V současné době existuje velké množství různých metod pro charakterizaci povrchů. Každá metoda má své klady i zápory. Tento článek nabízí pohled na referenční povrchové vady optických ploch pomocí různých pozorovacích technik, a to skenovací konfokální mikroskopie, interferometrie v bílém světle a mikroskopie atomárních sil. Účelem je co nejkomplexnější pohled na morfologii defektů v trojrozměrném měřítku a porovnání s jejich optickými vlastnostmi.
In this review we present immunohistochemical methods for visualization of capillaries and muscle fibres in thick muscle sections. Special attention is paid to the procedures that preserve good morphology. Applying confocal microscopy and virtual 3D stereological grids, or tracing of capillaries in virtual reality, length of capillaries within a muscle volume or length of capillaries adjacent to a muscle fibre per fibre length, fibre surface area or fibre volume can be evaluated by an unbiased approach. Moreover, 3D models of capillaries and muscle fibres can be produced. Comparison of the developed methods with counting capillary profiles from 2D sections is discussed and the reader is warned that counting capillary profiles from 2D sections can underestimate the capillary length by as much as 75 percent. Application of the described 3D methodology is illustrated by the anatomical remodelling of capillarity during acute denervation and early reinnervation in the ra t soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles., I. Eržen, J. Janáček, L. Kubínová., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy