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2. Delegitimation through corruption: legal and administrative changes in Bavaria and Prussia during the Napoleonic era (1800-1820)
- Creator:
- Bernsee, Robert
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Bavaria, Prussia, corruption, reform, and Napoleonic Age
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The article deals with corruption in Bavaria and Prussia around 1800. In accordance with recent research, the author assumes corruption as a socially constructed phenomenon that is subjected to a historical change. In this article, he tries to show how a new notion of corruption appeared in public, became a weapon in political conflicts and influenced the legal and administrative reforms in both German monarchies. The author concludes that corruption charges might be seen as a driving force behind the legal reforms: The reformers in both countries tried to delegitimise the old regime by corruption charges and, thus, cleared the way for bureaucratic reforms.This delegitimation can be observed in public debates, in internal discussions and in the new laws themselves.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3. Der jüdische Adel Preußens
- Creator:
- Županič, Jan
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Prussia, nobility, ennoblement, elites, Jews, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- Different European states had different attitudes towards Jews and their social standing. In the Habsburg monarchy, several hundred people of the Jewish faith were ennobled between 1789 and 1918 (both in Austria and later in Hungary), while Jews were granted equal social status in 1867. In Prussia the social status of Jews had improved since the rule of Frederick II and in 1812 they were able to become Prussian citizens. However, Jewish emancipation reached a high point in July 1869 when a law on equal religious rights was declared in Prussia as well as in all the states of the North German Confederation. However, in Prussia the issue of granting aristocratic titles to people of the Jewish faith or of Jewish origin was, of course, more vexed and the ennoblement of these people was very rare.
- Rights:
- unknown
4. Lasset Prewssen Prewssen bleyben : die Heiden im Ordensland Preußen
- Creator:
- Szweda, Adam
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Prussia, Pagans, conversion, Teutonic Order, synods, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- In 1427, the Carthusian monk Heinrich Beringer complained to the Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf that the Teutonic Knights allowed Prussians to continue worshipping the old gods. When asked about this matter, the commanders were to answer: "Let Prussian be Prussians." The existence of relics of old cults is also indicated by synodal and act sources, e.g. the Toruń Peace document from 1411. Recently, Michael Brauer questioned the survival of paganism in Prussia until the 15th century. According to him, the available information was only a creation constructed by the authors of said sources. This is also the opinion of Stephen Rowell and Darius Baronas in relation to Lithuania. They do not notice, however, that it is only early-age modern sources that expand pagan pantheons and associate folk customs with paganism. In Prussia, the language situation was conducive to maintaining relics of paganism – priests did not know Prussian.
- Rights:
- unknown
5. Válečný rok 1866 v pevnostním městě Hradec Králové dle svědectví dokumentů a vzpomínek obyvatel
- Creator:
- Šůla, Jaroslav
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Prussia, Austria, Austro-Prussian War, Hradec Králové, Everyday Life, and 1866
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- In 2016, 150 years will have passed since the Austro-Prussian War. Near the fortress of Hradec Králové, the decisive battle of this conflict took place, with Austria losing. The fortress was besieged and its immediate surroundings were flooded. Using eyewitness accounts and historical realities, the author describes the until recently-rarely revisited life of the civilian populations in the besieged fortress.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public