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2. Liechtenstein im Zweiten Weltkrieg
- Creator:
- Geiger, Peter
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Liechtenstein, Second World War, neutrality, Volksdeutsche Bewegung, Decrees of the Czechoslovak President, confiscations, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- The Principality of Liechtenstein with an area of 160 km2 had 11,000 inhabitants during the Second World War. Following the Anschluss of Austria in March 1938, Hitler's Germany directly bordered Liechtenstein. The unarmed principality declared its neutrality on 30 August 1939, similar to Switzerland. There was a constant danger of a German Anschluss, both from the Reich and through a local Nazi movement. But in April 1939, in a patriotic signature campaign, 95.4% of all those entitled to vote expressed their willingness to preserve the country's independence. From the Reich's perspective, Liechtenstein was like an appendage to Switzerland. Switzerland, however, would not have defended Liechtenstein, for reasons of neutrality. From 1940 to 1944, Liechtenstein, together with Switzerland, was completely surrounded by the Axis Powers of Hitler and Mussolini. Metal processing companies were founded at the end of 1941, the Presta company produced sleeves for Swiss anti-aircraft grenades, and Hilti Maschinenbau produced metal pieces for German auto and armaments companies. The "Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein" celebrated Hitler's victories. But the prince, the government, the parliament, the scouts, the clergy and the vast majority of the people rejected the Nazi ideology. At the end of April and beginning of May 1945, the war came closer, as the French pushed German troops towards Feldkirch. During the night of 2/3 May 1945, 492 members of a Russian-German troop crossed the border; they were interned. On 12 May 1945, Prince Franz Josef II congratulated President Beneš. The Czechoslovak President passed Decree No. 5 on 19 May 1945. The confiscations in Czechoslovakia also affected Liechtensteiners, namely the prince, members of the princely family and 30 other Liechtenstein citizens. They all, although neutral during the war, were treated as "Germans", their property has been confiscated.
- Rights:
- unknown
3. Serlio und Du Cerceau copyright : die praktische Ausgangsbasis für zwei mährische Residenzen der Fürsten von Liechtenstein in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts
- Creator:
- Konečný, Michal
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Lednice, Bučovice, Liechtenstein, Sebastiano Serlio, Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, Giovanni Maria Filippi, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- The paper focuses on Liechtenstein architecture of the first half of the seventeenth century. Stylistic features of the chateau in Eisgrub (Lednice), built by Prince Karl I of Liechtenstein, and the chateau in Butschowitz (Bučovice), which Prince Maximilian of Liechtenstein had rebuilt in the 1720s, serve as evidence of the spread of theoretical principles from the works of Sebastiano Serlio and Jacques Androuet du Cerceau. This stylistic groundwork defined the appearance of the princely summer palace as well as the princely residence, while hinting at possible authorship of both projects, which the paper links with the figure of Giovanni Maria Filippi, a court architect to Emperor Rudolf II.
- Rights:
- unknown
4. Wirtschaftswunder Liechtenstein
- Creator:
- Merki, Christoph Maria
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Liechtenstein, economy, industry, agriculture, migration, banking sector, tax, economic properity, national product, finantial rating, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- The Principality of Liechtenstein is often referred to in contemporary journalism as an "economic miracle". It is also sometimes said that Liechtenstein experienced "three golden decades" between the early 1940s and the early 1970s. Of course, the country's economic development also brings with it certain negative phenomena, such as environmental damage, the breakdown of traditional values, high land prices, and dependence on labour from abroad. Nevertheless, the country's economic boom is a remarkable fact worthy of attention, inter alia also in the context of economic history. In 1930, gross domestic product per capita in Liechtenstein was 30 percent lower than in Switzerland; there was major economic growth from the 1960s, and by 2000 it was 30 percent higher than in Switzerland. Liechtenstein's economic growth brought about a great need for manpower, which is why many employees began to come to the country from abroad, especially from its neighbouring countries. At this time, Liechtenstein companies also began to expand beyond the borders of Liechtenstein. As of 2018, a total of 10,411 employees of companies belonging to the Liechtenstein Chamber of Industry and Commerce are reported as working directly in the country, with 58,072 employees working for Liechtenstein companies operating abroad. As for employees in the banking sector, which also experienced unprecedented growth, there were a total of 2,064 in Liechtenstein as of the year in question, and 3,800 people worked for Liechtenstein banks abroad. An important indicator of economic prosperity is the tax burden. The tax quota, i.e. state and municipal revenues and revenues from social security and health insurance premiums in relation to gross domestic product, accounted for only 19.6% in Liechtenstein in 2017. For comparison, in the USA it was 27.1% and in France 46.2% The net worth of the Principality of Liechtenstein in 2017 amounted to CHF 1,613 million at the municipal level (annual expenditure 5.9) and CHF 2,652 million at the state level (annual expenditure 3.4). Public finances have recovered even from the last financial crisis thanks to the economic programmes of 2012–2016, which is why Liechtenstein continues to maintain the highest possible financial rating.
- Rights:
- unknown