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22. Eine litauische Alternative für die ganze Rus'? : die Ostpolitik der litauischen Herrscher im ausgehenden Mittelalter : Ansprüche und Wirklichkeit
- Creator:
- Polechov, Sergej Vladimirovič
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Lithuanian expansion into the Rus', international relations in the late Middle Ages, Algirdas, Vytautas, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- The aim of the article is to analyze the widely spread idea that the late medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania could unite the whole Rus' and pose an alternative to Moscow. It is shown that the Lithuanian rulers didn't lay such claims; the attempts to detect them in their statements made in 1358 and (allegedly) in 1399 are nothing but misinterpretations. It is also shown that Algirdas, Jogaila and Vytautas had no real chances to subjugate the Duchy of Moscow and its allies and vassals, both as the result of their military expeditions (1368–1372, 1406–1408) and due to the matrimonial union (1383/84).
- Rights:
- unknown
23. Folia diplomatica. I
- Publisher:
- Universita J.E. Purkyně
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Collection
- Subject:
- Auxiliary Historical Sciences, diplomatika, and medievalistika
- Language:
- Latin, English, French, and German
- Rights:
- unknown and open access
24. Folia diplomatica. II
- Publisher:
- Universita J.E. Purkyně
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Collection
- Subject:
- Auxiliary Historical Sciences, diplomatika, and medievalistika
- Language:
- Latin, French, and German
- Rights:
- unknown and open access
25. Freie Leute? Freizügigkeit von Ehemaligen Leibeigenen in Österreich 1781–1848 (am Beispiel der Liechtensteinischen Herrschaft)
- Creator:
- Stoklásková, Zdeňka
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Princely House Liechtenstein, history, Moravia, lower Austria, abolition of serfdom, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- This paper attempts to answer the question concerning the degree to which the position of serfs changed after the abolition of serfdom in Austria. Were the people in fact free as has been stated time and again in the history books and textbooks? Research into two Liechtenstein estates – the South Moravian domain of Břeclav/Lundenburg and the Lower Austrian estate of Wilfersdorf was used to analyse the factors behind personal freedom of movement after the abolition of serfdom. Could former serfs travel freely to other estates or abroad? This narrow study showed that this was not the case until the end of the pre-March period, i.e. after the end of patrimonial administration. These findings go against traditional interpretations. The abolition of serfdom was undoubtedly a step towards a modern society, but its implementation did not result in the end of control mechanisms, as they were replaced by others, and not only in the developing legal system. A lesser-known new factor from the period was the restriction of demesnial jurisdiction, which was placed under the control of the regional authorities. However, the period of reform did usher in a new phenomenon: the legal right of former serfs to protection against seignorial powers.
- Rights:
- unknown
26. Haus und Fürstentum Liechtenstein : Auswahlbibliographie
- Creator:
- Knoz, Tomáš and Peřestá, Markéta
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Bibliography
- Subject:
- bibliography, Princely House of Liechtenstein, Principality of Liechtenstein, history, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- One of the objectives of the Czech-Liechtenstein Commission of Historians was to try to chart the contemporary state of research into several historical themes which had been suggested as a result of the Czech-Liechtenstein declaration of 2009. This concerns the history of the Principality of Liechtenstein with a particular focus on Czech-Liechtenstein relationships, as well as on the history of the Princely House of Liechtenstein, again in relation to its activities on the territory of the Czech lands as well as in Central Europe. This overview of the literature shows that the history of the Liechtenstein family and its standing in Central European and European history has been a long-term presence in European historiography. The history of the Liechtenstein family has been studied within the context of aristocratic history/the history of social elites, the history of states, cultural and art history, as well as regional and local historiography. Within Czech historiography, the Liechtenstein family is typically present as part of the history of the Czech state and the history of Czech society, particularly in connection with the history of the medieval Czech kingdom, the history of the Battle of White Mountain, as well as relating to research into the foundation of the Czechoslovak Republic and the history of memory and identity. Therefore, the history of the Liechtenstein family differs substantially from the traditional histories of the nobility and individual aristocratic families. In terms of the historiography of Liechtenstein itself, there is a relatively close connection between the history of the Liechtenstein family and the Liechtenstein state.
- Rights:
- unknown
27. Karl I. von Liechtenstein und die Politik in den böhmischen Ländern (ca. 1590 bis 1627)
- Creator:
- Stögmann, Arthur
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Princely House of Liechtenstein, Karl (Charles) I. of Liechtenstein, early new age, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Habsburg monarchy, nobility, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- Karl I von Liechtenstein (1569–1627) was the first member of the Liechtenstein family to become a Prince of Liechtenstein, thus he was the founder of the Princely Family of Liechtenstein. Karl was the elder son of Hartmann II, Baron of Liechtenstein (1544–1585) and his wife, Countess Anna Maria of Ortenburg (1547–1601). According to the directives of his father he was brought up in the Protestant faith and attended a school in Moravia, run by the Bohemian Brothers. In 1599 he converted to Catholicism. Shortly afterwards Emperor Rudolf II (1552– 1612) appointed him as Chief Intendant (head of the imperial household), the highest position at court, an office he held, with interruptions, until 1607. In the following power struggles within the House of Habsburg he allied himself with the party of Archduke Matthias (1557–1619), who made him a hereditary prince in 1608. In 1614, Karl added the regency of the Silesian Duchy of Troppau (Opava) to his possessions. As a mark of gratitude for further aid before the Battle of White Mountain near Prague (8 November 1620) Karl was appointed to the positions of governor and "vice-regent" of the kingdom of Bohemia (at first provisionally, in January 1622 permanently) and as the first member of his family he was also bestowed with the Order of the Golden Fleece. As part of his function he led the capture and execution of the leaders of the Bohemian uprising (1618–1620). He did this in close co-ordination with Emperor Ferdinand II. To set an example, twentyseven leaders of the rebellion were arrested and sentenced to death. Ferdinand II confirmed the sentences and Karl presided over the public executions on 21 June 1621. Where possible, Karl recommended clemency to keep the bloodshed to a minimum. And indeed the Emperor commuted some of the death sentences. In 1622 Karl also gained the Silesian Duchy of Jägerndorf (Krnov) along with confiscated "rebel property" in Bohemia and Moravia. Karl was among those who made very large acquisitions. These were partly grants by the Crown in repayment of previous loans, and partly purchases at advantageous prices. At the end of the nineteenth century it was estimated that 41% of the then existing Liechtenstein family property had been acquired between 1620 and 1650. It is difficult to assess the first Prince of Liechtenstein. Little is known about his personality. Such evidence as there is suggests that Karl's disposition was moderate, except for his resolute accumulation of property. Given the standards then prevailing in Western Europe, the public execution of 27 "rebels" might be thought, for the times, a not exceptional retribution for what had occurred in Bohemia. Karl died on 12 February 1627 in Prague.
- Rights:
- unknown
28. Lasset Prewssen Prewssen bleyben : die Heiden im Ordensland Preußen
- Creator:
- Szweda, Adam
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Prussia, Pagans, conversion, Teutonic Order, synods, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- In 1427, the Carthusian monk Heinrich Beringer complained to the Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf that the Teutonic Knights allowed Prussians to continue worshipping the old gods. When asked about this matter, the commanders were to answer: "Let Prussian be Prussians." The existence of relics of old cults is also indicated by synodal and act sources, e.g. the Toruń Peace document from 1411. Recently, Michael Brauer questioned the survival of paganism in Prussia until the 15th century. According to him, the available information was only a creation constructed by the authors of said sources. This is also the opinion of Stephen Rowell and Darius Baronas in relation to Lithuania. They do not notice, however, that it is only early-age modern sources that expand pagan pantheons and associate folk customs with paganism. In Prussia, the language situation was conducive to maintaining relics of paganism – priests did not know Prussian.
- Rights:
- unknown
29. Liechtenstein im Zweiten Weltkrieg
- Creator:
- Geiger, Peter
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Liechtenstein, Second World War, neutrality, Volksdeutsche Bewegung, Decrees of the Czechoslovak President, confiscations, Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- The Principality of Liechtenstein with an area of 160 km2 had 11,000 inhabitants during the Second World War. Following the Anschluss of Austria in March 1938, Hitler's Germany directly bordered Liechtenstein. The unarmed principality declared its neutrality on 30 August 1939, similar to Switzerland. There was a constant danger of a German Anschluss, both from the Reich and through a local Nazi movement. But in April 1939, in a patriotic signature campaign, 95.4% of all those entitled to vote expressed their willingness to preserve the country's independence. From the Reich's perspective, Liechtenstein was like an appendage to Switzerland. Switzerland, however, would not have defended Liechtenstein, for reasons of neutrality. From 1940 to 1944, Liechtenstein, together with Switzerland, was completely surrounded by the Axis Powers of Hitler and Mussolini. Metal processing companies were founded at the end of 1941, the Presta company produced sleeves for Swiss anti-aircraft grenades, and Hilti Maschinenbau produced metal pieces for German auto and armaments companies. The "Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein" celebrated Hitler's victories. But the prince, the government, the parliament, the scouts, the clergy and the vast majority of the people rejected the Nazi ideology. At the end of April and beginning of May 1945, the war came closer, as the French pushed German troops towards Feldkirch. During the night of 2/3 May 1945, 492 members of a Russian-German troop crossed the border; they were interned. On 12 May 1945, Prince Franz Josef II congratulated President Beneš. The Czechoslovak President passed Decree No. 5 on 19 May 1945. The confiscations in Czechoslovakia also affected Liechtensteiners, namely the prince, members of the princely family and 30 other Liechtenstein citizens. They all, although neutral during the war, were treated as "Germans", their property has been confiscated.
- Rights:
- unknown
30. Liechtenstein nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg
- Creator:
- Quaderer, Rupert
- Format:
- text/pdf
- Type:
- Article
- Subject:
- Consequences of war, the constitution, foreign policy, treaty on customs union with Switzerland (Zollanschlussvertrag Schweiz), Czechoslovakia, League of Nations (Völkerbund), Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and History
- Language:
- German
- Description:
- At the moment of the outbreak of the First World War, Liechtenstein was in a fundamental sense dependent on Austria. The consequences of the war were therefore very difficult for Liechtenstein. They affected both the economy and the political sphere, where calls for new political and civil rights can be noted. After the end of the war, this led to the issuance of a new constitution (1921) and also to a new direction in foreign policy. This was also followed by a redirecting of economic relations towards Switzerland (currency, 1924 Customs Union Treaty). At the same time, Liechtenstein sought a way out of the economic crisis in new legislation (Personengesellschaftsrecht 1926).
- Rights:
- unknown