The author deals with economic thinking in the general determination of production and exchange of material and ideal values between people going beyond the common determination of description and reflection of economic activity of manufacturing, trade and services. He ascertains that in the beginnings of the Bohemian Reformation not only understanding of the difference between the church and the society was formed, but also the foundations for the modern right-wing and left-wing thinking emerged. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that Catholic reformists and conservative Hussites maintained the opinions which may be labelled as radically liberal, while the opinions of radical reformers may be termed (proto)socialist.
The study "The Forgery of the Pledge Charter of Sigismund of Luxemburg for Václav Sekáč of Újezdec from 2nd January 1421" deals with the analysis of the forgery mentioned in the title. It contains the description of the common forms of Sigismund's pledge charters for the church estates and the comparison of the forgery with the original charters. It concludes that the forgery has originated after 1450. There is also the edition of the text in the appendix.
The paper is devoted to the application processing procedure for granting wedding permission to the Jewish population after the introduction of the Familiant Law of 1726. The study concentrates on the written material of the administration with the competence for Bohemia. The agenda was in the competence of the Jewish Commission that was established in 1714 in connection with attempts to restrict the Jewish population. The issuance of the Familiant Law was accompanied by a number of measures, which were reflected in the written production not only of the Jewish Commission but of other offices as well. Examples of these documents and those directly related to the processing of applications for wedding permission, from submission to conclusion, document the whole process of implementing the law and the practical course of the approval procedure.
The topic of the article are the exams of qualification to become a pastor of a parish that were established by Joseph II as a part of the reforms of the church administration in his lands. The paper is based on the sources stored in the Diocesan Archive of the Brno bishopric and therefore it focuses primarily on the situation in the diocese of Brno. It studies the form of the exams in the course of the historical development, the process of enforcement of their results during the final appointment of priests to benefices and the way this statutory and time-tested method was harmo¬nized with the Canon Law.
This study focuses on the research of watermarks contained in nine municipal registers of the feudal towns Boskovice and Letovice during the early modern age (more specifically the years 1484–1761). Seven books belong to Boskovice and two to Letovice; and they contain a total of 20 types of surviving watermarks. Besides their description, the study includes general comparison in the area of the watermarks' research, paper mill identification, a table with conlusions and an appendix with images.
This paper focuses on both Masaryk's theoretical concepts and practical endeavours to establish independent democratic sates in Central Europe after World War I. Masaryk's ideas developed from his theoretical knowledge, his knowledge of history, as well as from his political experience as a parliamentary deputy. At the centre lay his belief that the existence of nations as multilayered, integrated entities was an important condition for the development of democracy, provided that smaller nations were respected by larger ones and would be given sufficient space and autonomy to develop properly. The general acceptance of democratic and humanitarian values and principles would guarantee an end to the traditional expansionism of larger nations at the expense of the freedom, standards and dignity of smaller nations. Attention is also focused on Masaryk's extensive activities during the First World War regarding the independence of democratic states in Central Europe.
Presented article puts mind to the thinking of Raymond Aron (1905–1983). Author is focused on Aron's complexive method by joining sociology, history or philosophy of history for describing international relations in four decades of Cold War how it developped from 40's to 80's of 20th century. Aron's analyses are calling by himself as "history of presence". He described international political strategy from realistic theory of international relations. Aron studied the principles of cold war, relations between USA and USSR, nuclear armament, balance of power in bi-polar international relations, power strategic analysis and belligerent peace. He analysed international relations when the world-powers don't attack straightly and prefer conflicts in regions (sub-systems).
In addition to the analysis of written sources and the study of maps, another source of information on the historical visual character of towns is pictorial works, i.e., vedutas and, since the 19th century, photographs. Photographs and postcards capturing public spaces and buildings that no longer exist are essential for the purposes of historical topography. Studying and comparing these materials might contribute to reconstructing past roads and urban developments, locating buildings, and defining their visual aspects and purpose. Despite the fact that photographs are a relatively recent source, one of the pitfalls might be the dating of them.