The author deals with economic thinking in the general determination of production and exchange of material and ideal values between people going beyond the common determination of description and reflection of economic activity of manufacturing, trade and services. He ascertains that in the beginnings of the Bohemian Reformation not only understanding of the difference between the church and the society was formed, but also the foundations for the modern right-wing and left-wing thinking emerged. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that Catholic reformists and conservative Hussites maintained the opinions which may be labelled as radically liberal, while the opinions of radical reformers may be termed (proto)socialist.