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12. How many species of whipworms do we share? Whipworms from man and other primates form two phylogenetic lineages

Creator:
Doležalová, Jana, Miroslav Oborník, Hajdušková, Eva, Milan Jirků, Klára J Petrželková, Bolechová, Petra, Cutillas, Cristina, Callejón, Rocio, Jaroš, Jozef, Beránková, Zuzana, and David Modrý
Format:
electronic, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
fylogeneze, člověk, phylogeny, human beings, Trichuris, diversity, zoonotic potential, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The whipworms, i.e. parasitic nematodes of the genus Trichuris Roederer, 1761, infect a variety of mammals. Apparently low diversity of primate-infecting species of Trichuris strongly contrasts with the high number of species described in other mammalian hosts. The present study addresses the diversity of whipworms in captive and free-ranging primates and humans by analysing nuclear (18S rRNA, ITS2) and mitochondrial (cox1) DNA. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that primate whipworms form two independent lineages: (i) the Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) clade comprised of genetically almost identical whipworms from human and other primates, which suggests the ability of T. trichiura to infect a broader range of primates; (ii) a clade containing primarily Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788, where isolates from human and various primates formed a sister group to isolates from pigs; the former isolates thus may represent of more species of Trichuris in primates including humans. The analysis of cox1 has shown the polyphyly of the genera Trichuris and Capillaria, Zeder, 1800. High sequence similarity of the T. trichiura isolates from humans and other primates suggests their zoonotic potential, although the extent of transmission between human and other non-human primates remains questionable and requires further study., Jana Doležalová, Miroslav Oborník, Eva Hajdušková, Milan Jirků, Klára J. Petrželková, Petra Bolechová, Cristina Cutillas, Rocio Callejón, Jozef Jaroš, Zuzana Beránková, David Modrý., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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13. Kde začínáme a kde končíme

Creator:
Petr, Jaroslav
Format:
7-11, print, text, and regular print
Type:
model:article, article, Text, biography, historické články, and TEXT
Subject:
genom lidský--genetika, genomika--metody, sekvenční analýza DNA--metody, evoluce molekulární, fylogeneze, fylogeografie, and lidé
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Horizontální přenos genů a genové inženýrství vyústily v celou řadu případů, kdy došlo k překročení hranic oddělujících lidský genom od genomů jiných organismů. Horizontální přenos genů je ryze přírodní proces, který nedokážeme potlačit. Genové inženýrství je vys- oce prospěšná lidská aktivita, jíž se nemůžeme vzdát. Navíc se ukazuje, že naši předci „pošpinili“ náš genom sekvencemi několika vymřelých druhů člověka. Je proto nezbytné přijmout jako fakt, že hranice lidského genomu nejsou jasně vytyčené a že v budoucnu budou jeho obrysy ještě nejasnější., The horizontal gene transfer and genetic engineering resulted in many crossings of the boundary dividing the human genome from the genomes of other organisms. The horizontal gene transfer is a natural process and cannot be stopped. The genetic engineering is a highly beneficial human activity and we cannot abandon it. Moreover, our ancestors “spilled” our genome with sequences of DNA from seve- ral extinct human species. It is necessary to accept that the border of the human genome is not sharply delineated. In the future, the contours of our genome could become even much fuzzier., Jaroslav Petr, and Literatura
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14. Kudoa saudiensis sp. n. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) infecting oocytes of the Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta (Perciformes: Scombridae)

Creator:
Mansour, Lamjed, Harrath, Abdel Halim, Abdel-Baki, Abdel-Azeem S, Alwasel, Saleh, Al-Quraishy, Saleh, and Al Omar, Suliman Y
Format:
electronic, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
fylogeneze, phylogeny, Rudé moře, Saúdská Arábie, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, Myxozoa, ultrastructure, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
During a survey the occurrence of Kudoa quraishii Mansour, Harrath, Abd-Elkader, Alwasel, Abdel-Baki et Al Omar, 2014, recently identified in the muscles of the Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier), a species of Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947 infecting oocytes of mature females of the same host fish was found. The new species, for which the name Kudoa saudiensis sp. n. is proposed, infects oocytes that are enlarged with a whitish colour. The parasite develops in vesicular polysporous plasmodia within the oocyte. Infection occurs with a mean prevalence of 20% (7/35) of examined females. Mature spores are quadratic in shape in apical view, having four equal valves and four symmetrical polar capsules. Fresh spores are 2.4-3.6 µm long (mean ± SD 3.1 ± 0.3 µm), 4.3-5.4 µm (4.7 ± 0.3 µm) wide and 3.4-4.3 µm (3.8 ± 0.3 µm) in thickness and long. The smaller size of the new Kudoa species was the distinctive feature that separates it from all previously described species. Molecular analysis based on the SSU rDNA sequences shows that the highest percentage of similarity of 98.5% was observed with K. ovivora Swearer et Robertson, 1999, reported from oocytes of labroid fish from the Caribbean coasts of Panama. The percentage of similarity was 98% with K. azevedoi Mansour, Thabet, Chourabi, Harrath, Gtari, Al Omar et Ben Hassine, 2013 and 89% with K. quraishii. Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU and LSU rDNA data revealed a consistent of the new species with K. azevedoi and K. ovivora. Our findings support the creation of Kudoa saudiensis sp. n. that infects oocytes of the Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta., Lamjed Mansour, Abdel Halim Harrath, Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Saleh Alwasel, Saleh Al-Quraishy, Suliman Y. Al Omar., and Obsahuje bibliografii
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15. Monophyly of the subgenus Leptempis, and description of seven new species of the Empis (Leptempis) rustica-group (Diptera: Empididae)

Creator:
Daugeron, , Christophe
Format:
print, text, and regular print
Type:
article, bibliography, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
zoologie, entomologie, hmyz, dvoukřídlí, Empididae, Empis, Leptempis, Leptempis rustica, nové druhy, taxonomie, fylogeneze, monofylie, and 595.2/.7
Language:
English
Description:
The monophyly of the subgenus Leptempis Collin of the genus Empis L. is established on the basis of a male hypopygial character, and the possibility of a close relationship between the subgenera Leptempis Collin, Planempis Frey and Kritempis Collin is discussed. Seven new species belonging to Empis (Leptempis) rustica-group are described from France, Germany, Greece and Spain: E. (L.) abdominalis sp. n., E. (L.) lamellata sp. n., E. (L.) multispina sp. n., E. (L.) pandellei sp. n., E. (L.) lamellimmanis sp. n., E. (L.) sinuosa sp. n. and E. (L.) trunca sp. n. A key to the E. (L.) rustica-group is presented., Christophe Daugeron, and Lit
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16. Myxobolus pseudowulii sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea), a new skin parasite of yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson) and redescription of Myxobolus voremkhai (Akhmerov, 1960)

Creator:
Zhang, Bo, Zhai, Yanhua, Liu, Yang, and Gu, Zemao
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
fylogeneze, morfologie (biologie), histologie, phylogeny, morphology (biology), histology, Čína, China, ssrRNA, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Two species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 were found in yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson). A species of Myxobolus infecting the gills was morphologically identified as Myxobolus voremkhai (Akhmerov, 1960) and it was characterised here with additional morphological and molecular data. The other species of Myxobolus infecting the host's skin did not conform to any known myxosporean species. It is characterised by the presence of round, black or milky white plasmodia with black spots. Myxospores are pyriform in frontal view and lemon-shaped in lateral view, measuring 12.9-16.2 μm (14.6 ± 0.7 μm) in length, 8.1-10.8 μm (9.4 ± 0.5 μm) in width, and 6.1-8.1 μm (7.0 ± 0.4 μm) in thickness. Two ampullaceous polar capsules are slightly unequal in size, larger polar capsule 7.2-9.5 μm (7.9 ± 0.4 μm) long by 3.0-3.9 μm (3.5 ± 0.2 μm) wide, smaller capsule 6.9-8.0 μm (7.4 ± 0.3 μm) long by 2.9-3.9 μm (3.4 ± 0.2 μm) wide. Polar filaments are coiled with seven to nine turns. Histologically, the plasmodia develop in the stratum spongiosum of skin dermis, resulting in epithelial cell shedding and immunological cell infiltration. Given the morphological and molecular differences between this species and other species of Myxobolus, we proposed the name of Myxobolus pseudowulii sp. n. for this parasite from the skin of yellow catfish. Interestingly, some spores of the new species possess Henneguya-like caudal appendages. Phylogenetically, M. pseudowulii sp. n. and M. voremkhai infecting yellow catfish group together in one clade with other parasites of Siluriformes, indicating that parasites clustering according to the fish host order may be an important factor affecting the evolution of species within the Myxobolus clade., Bo Zhang, Yanhua Zhai, Yang Liu, Zemao Gu., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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17. Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms

Creator:
Kristensen, Niels P.
Format:
print, text, and regular print
Type:
article, bibliography, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
zoologie, hmyz, Endopterygota, Holometabola, fylogeneze, 595.2/.7, and 591.3
Language:
English
Description:
The monophyly of the Endopterygota is supported primarily by the specialized larva without external wing buds and with degradable eyes, as well as by the quiescence of the last immature (pupal) stage; a specialized morphology of the latter is not an endopterygote groundplan trait. There is weak support for the basal endopterygote splitting event being between a Neuropterida + Coleoptera clade and a Mecopterida + Hymenoptera clade; a fully sclerotized sitophore plate in the adult is a newly recognized possible groundplan autapomorphy of the latter. The molecular evidence for a Strepsiptera + Diptera clade is differently interpreted by advocates of parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of sequence data, and the morphological evidence for the monophyly of this clade is ambiguous. The basal diversification patterns within the principal endopterygote clades (\"orders\") are succinctly reviewed. The truly species-rich clades are almost consistently quite subordinate. The identification of \"key innovations\" promoting evolutionary success (in terms of large species numbers) is fraught with difficulties., Niels P. Kristensen, and Lit
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18. The mitochondrial genome of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and identification of invading mitochondrial sequences (numts) in the W chromosome

Creator:
Lämmermann, Katrin, Vogel, Heiko, and Traut, Walther
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, motýli, zavíječovití, fylogeneze, butterflies, Pyralidae, phylogeny, Ephestia kuehniella, mitogenome, Mediterranean flour moth, numts, W chromosome, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella is a widespread pest of stored products and a classical object in experimental biology. In the present study, we determined its complete mitochondrial genome sequence. The genome is circular, consists of 15,327 bp and comprises 13 protein-coding, 2 rRNA- and 22 tRNA-coding genes in an order typical for the Ditrysia clade of the order Lepidoptera. A phylogenetic study of the Lepidoptera based on complete mitochondrial genomes places E. kuehniella correctly in the family Pyralidae and supports major lepidopteran taxa as phylogenetic clades. The W chromosome of E. kuehniella is an exceptionally rich reservoir of originally mitochondrial sequences (numts). Around 0.7% of the W DNA was found to be of mitochondrial origin, 83% of the mitogenome sequence was represented between 1-11 × in the W chromosome. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed that these numts are an evolutionary recent acquisition of the W chromosome., Katrin Lämmermann, Heiko Vogel, Walther Traut., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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19. The molecular phylogeny of the digenean family Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925 and the value of morphological characters, with the erection of a new subfamily

Creator:
Rodney Alan Bray, Cribb, Thomas H, Littlewood, D. Timothy J, and Waeschenbach, Andrea
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
fylogeneze, motolice, phylogeny, Trematoda, Digenea, Opecoelinae, Plagioporinae, Stenakrinae, Opecoelininae, rDNA sequence, Helicometrinae, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Large and small rDNA sequences of 41 species of the family Opecoelidae are utilised to produce phylogenetic inference trees, using brachycladioids and lepocreadioids as outgroups. Sequences were newly generated for 13 species. The resulting Bayesian trees show a monophyletic Opecoelidae. The earliest divergent group is the Stenakrinae, based on two species which are not of the type-genus. The next well-supported clade to diverge is constituted of three species of Helicometra Odhner, 1902. Based on this tree and the characters of the egg and uterus, a new subfamily, the Helicometrinae, is erected and defined to include the genera Helicometra, Helicometrina Linton, 1910 and Neohelicometra Siddiqi et Cable, 1960. The subfamily Opecoelinae is found to be monophyletic, but the Plagioporinae is paraphyletic. The single representative of the Opecoelininae (not of the type genus) is nested within a group of deep-sea 'plagioporines'. The two representatives of the Opistholebetidae are embedded within a group of shallow-water 'plagioporine' species. The Opistholebetidae is reduced to subfamily status pro tem as its morphological and biological characteristics are distinctive. This implies that as opecoelid systematics develops with more molecular evidence, several further subfamilies will be recognised. Many of the morphological characters were found to be homoplasious, but the characters defining the Helicometrinae and Opecoelinae, such as filamented eggs, reduced cirrus-sac and uterine seminal receptacle, are closely correlated with the inferred phylogeny., Rodney A. Bray, Thomas H. Cribb, D. Timothy J. Littlewood, Andrea Waeschenbach., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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20. The taxonomic identity and phylogenetic relationships of Cercaria pugnax and C. helvetica XII (Digenea: Lecithodendriidae) based on morphological and molecular data

Creator:
Kudlai, Olena, Stunžėnas, Virmantas, and Tkach, Vasyl
Format:
electronic, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
morfologie (biologie), fylogeneze, morphology (biology), phylogeny, Paralecithodendrium, Lecithodendrium, xiphidiocercaria, rDNA sequences, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The present study analysed the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of two species of xiphidiocercariae of the ʻmicrocotylaeʼ group, Cercaria pugnax La Valette St. George, 1855, from Viviparus viviparus (Linnaeus) in the Ukraine and Cercaria helvetica XII Dubois, 1928 from Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus) in Lithuania. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the ITS2 region and partial 28S gene of the nuclear rDNA revealed that both these xiphidiocercariae belong to the Lecithodendriidae Lühe, 1901 and represent larval stages of lecithodendriids parasitic in bats. Cercaria helvetica XII clustered with the typical representatives of the genus Lecithodendrium Looss, 1896, being very close, but not identical, to Lecithodendrium linstowi Dollfus, 1931. Sequences of C. pugnax matched exactly the sequences of adult Paralecithodendrium chilostomum (Mehlis, 1831). Morphological descriptions of the cercariae are included; these represent the first report of non-virgulate xiphidiocercariae belonging to the family Lecithodendriidae. Until now, the presence of glandular virgula organ in the region of the oral sucker was considered a robust synapomorphy for the Lecithodendriidae and several closely related families. Our results have shown that the relative importance of this character is in need of a re-assessment., Olena Kudlai, Virmantas Stunžėnas, Vasyl Tkach., and Obsahuje bibliografii
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