The knowledge of snowpack distribution at a catchment scale is important to predict the snowmelt runoff. The objective of this study is to select and quantify the most important factors governing the snowpack distribution, with special interest in the role of different canopy structure. We applied a simple distributed sampling design with measurement of snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) at a catchment scale. We selected eleven predictors related to character of specific localities (such as elevation, slope orientation and leaf area index) and to winter meteorological conditions (such as irradiance, sum of positive air temperature and sum of new snow depth). The forest canopy structure was described using parameters calculated from hemispherical photographs. A degree-day approach was used to calculate melt factors. Principal component analysis, cluster analysis and Spearman rank correlation were applied to reduce the number of predictors and to analyze measured data. The SWE in forest sites was by 40% lower than in open areas, but this value depended on the canopy structure. The snow ablation in large openings was on average almost two times faster compared to forest sites. The snow ablation in the forest was by 18% faster after forest defoliation (due to the bark beetle). The results from multivariate analyses showed that the leaf area index was a better predictor to explain the SWE distribution during accumulation period, while irradiance was better predictor during snowmelt period. Despite some uncertainty, parameters derived from hemispherical photographs may replace measured incoming solar radiation if this meteorological variable is not available.
The rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae, living on rose var. Black Magic, was reared in the laboratory at four constant temperatures 15, 18, 22 and 25 ± 1°C, 75 ± 5% R.H. and 14L : 10D. Parameters investigated included developmental rate, survival, pre-reproductive delay and fecundity. The rate of nymphal development (0.17) was greatest at 22°C. The longest developmental time (12.33 days) was recorded at 15°C. The generation time was longest and shortest at 15°C and 22°C respectively. The lower developmental threshold was calculated to be 9.05°C. Based on this, the degree-day requirement from birth to adulthood was found to be 77.5 dd. The pre-reproductive delay also decreased markedly with increase in temperature from 15°C to 22°C. The longest lifespan of apterous females (12.38 d) was observed at 15°C, whereas the shortest (8.06 d) was at 25°C. The mean adult longevity declined with increase in temperature from 15°C to 25°C. The fecundity of females (progeny/female) increased from 11.38 to 28.88 with increase in temperature from 15°C to 22°C but then decreased to 8.38 as the temperature increased from 22°C to 25°C. The largest (0.311) and smallest (0.113) rm occurred at 22°C and 15°C respectively. All of the parameters of the M. rosae life cycle at the four temperatures tested were optimum at 22°C. This Iranian population of M. rosae can develop at lower temperatures than an Australian population.
The objective of this paper is to compare the results of two distributed snow models based on different approach to snow accumulation and melt. Model WaSiM is based on the degree-day approach, while model UEB-EHZ is an energy-based model. Simulations in the mountain catchment of Jalovecký creek in winters 1989-2001 showed that both approaches can produce similar results. Model parametrization is more important than basic approach to snow accumulation and melt. Therefore, model UEB-EHZ which took into acccount influence of forest on radiation reduction and snow drift, performed better for the forest sites. The paper presents also brief overview of snow accumulation and melt modelling including calibration and verification of distributed models. Finally, it shows some outupts which can be provided by distributed snow models. and Príspevok je venovaný porovnaniu dvoch distribuovaných matematických modelov akumulácie a topenia snehu s rôznym prístupom k modelovaniu snehu. V horskom povodí Jaloveckého potoka boli hodnotené výsledky energeticky založeného modelu UEB-EHZ a modelu WaSiM, vychádzajúceho z metódy teplotného indexu pre zimy 1988/89 - 2000/2001. Porovnanie výsledkov oboch modelov ukázalo, že pokiaľ ide o základný prístup k modelovaniu topenia snehu (energetická bilancia alebo teplotný index), nemohli sme v danom povodí určiť, ktorý z nich viedol k lepším výsledkom. Väčší vplyv na simuláciu vodnej hodnoty snehu ako výber základného prístupu k modelovaniu akumulácie a topenia snehu, má parametrizácia konkrétneho modelu. V modeli UEB-EHZ bol napríklad čiastočne zahrnutý vplyv lesa na globálne žiarenie a podmienky ukladania snehu (drift). Preto bolo topenie snehovej pokrývky v lese týmto modelom simulované reálnejšie ako modelom WaSiM. Okrem porovnania výsledkov dvoch základných prístupov k modelovaniu akumulácie a topenia snehu v horskom povodí príspevok ukazuje aj niektoré výstupy, ktoré možno získať pomocou distribuovaného snehového modelu a stručne sa zaoberá diskusiou o kalibrácii a validácii takéhoto modelu.
Trissolcus grandis is an important egg parasitoid of sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), the most serious pest of wheat in Iran. The thermal requirements of two populations of T. grandis were studied at five constant temperatures ranging from 20-32°C. Thermal thresholds for development were calculated using linear regression and degree-day models were determined by fitting non-linear equations to the data. The lower threshold for development was estimated to be 12.5 and 12.1°C, respectively, for males and females of the Bonab population, compared to 14.4 and 14.5°C for those of the Qaramalek population. Complete development required 143.8 and 162.8 degree-days, respectively, for males and females of the Bonab population and 116.9 and 124.6 for those of the Qaramalek population. Thus, wasps from the warmer region (Qaramalek) developed faster than those from the cooler region (Bonab), but had a higher thermal threshold for initiating development. Bonab females attained their highest fecundity (117.7 ± 7.2) at the lowest temperature tested (20°C), whereas the fecundity of Qaramalek females was maximal (96.8 ± 11.5) at 26°C. Biological control programmes that seek to augment wasp populations in wheat fields early in the spring, when natural rates of sunn pest parasitism tend to be low, should consider wasp thermal requirements to ensure the selection and release of locally-adapted parasitoids.