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42. Identification and expression pattern analysis of chemosensory receptor genes in the Macrocentrus cingulum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) antennae
- Creator:
- Ahmed, Tofael, Zhang, Tian-Tao, Wang, Zhen-Ying, He, Kang-Lai, and Bai, Shu-Xiong
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, blanokřídlí, lumčíkovití, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Macrocentrus cingulum, cDNA library, odorant and ionotropic receptors, expression pattern, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Macrocentrus cingulum is an important polyembryonic endoparasitic wasp that attacks larvae of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) and the European corn borer, O. nubilalis (Hübner). Parasitoids use antennae as the main sensory organ to recognize herbivore-induced plant volatiles as host searching cues. The antennal olfaction proteins, odorant receptors (ORs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs) are involved in olfactory signal transduction pathway as a sensory neuron response. In the present study, we constructed a cDNA library from the male and female antennae for identifying the olfaction-related genes in M. cingulum. For that, we sequenced 3160 unique gene sequences and annotated them with gene ontology (GO), cluster of orthologous groups of proteins (COG), and KEGG ontology (KO). Through the homology search, we identified 9 odorant receptors (ORs), 3 ionotropic receptors (IRs) and 1 odorant binding protein (OBP) genes from the cDNA library sequences. Additionally, the expression patterns of these ORs and IRs in different tissues (antennae, heads, thoraxes, abdomens, and legs) were demonstrated by RT-PCR. The qualitative gene expression analyses showed that most of the OR genes were more highly expressed in female than male antennae; whereas IRs, unlike ORs, were more expressed in various male than females tissues. We are the first to report ORs and IRs in M. cingulum, which should help in deciphering the molecular basis of olfaction system in this wasp., Tofael Ahmed, Tian-Tao Zhang, Zhen-Ying Wang, Kang-Lai He, Shu-Xiong Bai., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
43. Identification of 37 microsatellite loci for Anthophora plumipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae) using next generation sequencing and their utility in related species
- Creator:
- Černá, Kateřina and Jakub Straka
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hymenoptera, Apidae, microsatellite development, Anthophora plumipes, 454 sequencing, Anthophorini, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Novel microsatellite markers for the solitary bee, Anthophora plumipes, were identified and characterised using 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing technology. Thirty seven loci were tested using fluorescently labelled primers on a sample of 20 females from Prague. The number of alleles ranged from 1 to 10 (with a mean of 4 alleles per locus), resulting in an observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.05 to 0.9 and an expected heterozygosity from 0.097 to 0.887. None of the loci showed a significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and only two loci showed the significant presence of null alleles. No linkage between loci was detected. We further provide information on a single multiplex PCR consisting of 11 of the most polymorphic loci. This multiplex approach provides an effective analytical tool for analysing genetic structure and carrying out parental analyses on Anthophora populations. Most of the 37 loci tested also showed robust amplification in five other Anthophora species (A. aestivalis, A. crinipes, A. plagiata, A. pubescens and A. quadrimaculata). The result of this study demonstrates that next generation sequencing technology is a valuable method for isolating quality microsatellites in non-model species of solitary bees. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
44. Identification of microsatellite markers for a worldwide distributed, highly invasive ant species Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
- Creator:
- Jan Zima, Lebrasseur, Ophélie, Michaela Borovanská, and Janda, Milan
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, blanokřídlí, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Tapinoma melanocephalum, microsatellites, invasive species, homozygosity excess, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Tapinoma melanocephalum is a worldwide distributed, highly invasive ant species. It lives in close association with human societies and its distribution is human-mediated in large measure. The geographical origin of this ant species is unknown, but its introduction in areas previously devoided of its presence can represent a threat to the native biota, act as an agricultural pest or as a pathogen vector. To investigate the genetic structure and phylogeography of this species we identified 12 new polymorphic microsatellite markers, and in addition, we tested and selected 12 ant-universal microsatellites polymorphic in T. melanocephalum. We genotyped 30 individuals from several islands of Micronesia and Papua-New Guinea. All 24 loci exhibited strong homozygosity excess (45-100%, mean = 86%), while the number of alleles per locus reached usual values (2-18, mean = 6.5), resulting in levels of expected heterozygosity much higher than observed. Based on several robust tests, we were able to exclude artefacts such as null alleles and allelic dropout as a possible cause of the observed pattern. Homozygosity excess might be a consequence of founder effect, bottleneck and/or inbreeding. As our sample population was composed of individuals from several distinct localities, the Wahlund effect might have contributed to the increased homozygosity as well. Despite the provisionally observed deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the newly developed microsatellites will provide an effective tool for future genetic investigations of population structure as well as for the phylogeographic study of T. melanocephalum., Jan Zima Jr., Ophélie Lebrasseur, Michaela Borovanská, Milan Janda., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
45. Impact of poor host-parasitoid synchronisation on the parasitism of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
- Creator:
- Grabenweger, Giselher, Hopp, Hildegard, Jäckel, Barbara , Balder, Hartmut, Koch, Tanja, and Schmolling, Silke
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Cameraria ohridella, leafminer, horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum, parasitoid, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, parasitism, synchronisation, and biological control
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Poor synchronisation is considered to be one important reason for the ineffective control of the invasive horse chestnut leafminer by native parasitic Hymenoptera. Parasitoids hibernating in dry horse chestnut leaves break diapause early in spring and presumably leave the vicinity, since no hosts are available when they emerge. As a consequence, the percentage parasitism of the first generation of the leafminer in early summer is low. The experiments presented below were designed to test this hypothesis. Horse chestnut saplings were brought on in a greenhouse and infested artificially with C. ohridella prior to parasitoid emergence in the field. These saplings were then exposed to parasitoid attack under natural conditions to eliminate the synchronisation problem. In addition, the parasitoid complexes of other leafmining hosts, which appear early in the season, were analysed. The results confirm that the most important parasitoids of the horse chestnut leafminer are active early in the season, long before the larvae of the first generation of the host are present. Nevertheless, poor synchronisation with the invasive host did not significantly influence the abundance of the most important parasitoid in the complex, Minotetrastichus frontalis, and consequently had no impact on the parasitism of C. ohridella. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis of the parasitoid community shows that certain species are affected by poor synchronisation, while others are probably limited by ecological parameters, such as a specialisation to foraging in particular strata of vegetation. Several leafmining flies were found early in spring infesting other host plants commonly planted in urban green areas, including species with a parasitoid complex similar to that of C. ohridella. The role of these alternative hosts in the food web associated with the horse chestnut leafminer should be subject to further study.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
46. Influence of natal host on parasitism by Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
- Creator:
- Beitia, Francisco, Valencia, Erik, Peris, Bernat, De Pedro, Luis, Asís, Josep D., and Tormos, José
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, blanokřídlí, dvoukřídlí, vrtulovití, mouchovití, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Tephritidae, Muscidae, Pteromalidae, Spalangia cameroni, rearing protocol, animal welfare, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is sold commercially as a biocontrol agent of filth flies, including the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). For this reason, S. cameroni is mass-reared for inundative releases to control harmful flies. However, the mass-rearing protocols include very little information on the influence of natal host on subsequent host selection by parasitoids with more than one potential host as in the genus Spalangia. Here, we report on the use of S. cameroni against M. domestica. The S. cameroni were reared using Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) (natal host) pupae for several generations. Freeze-killed fly pupae were used in assays to determine the fecundity, number of adult progeny and sex-ratio of this parasitoid. Realized fecundity and number of adult progeny were greater when provided with house fly pupae than Mediterranean fruit fly pupae. Thus S. cameroni parasitized more house fly pupae than C. capitata pupae, even though the parasitoid was reared on Mediterranean fruit fly for many generations. These results indicate that S. cameroni reared on C. capitata can be successfully used in inundative releases against both fruit flies (agriculture) and house flies (livestock farming)., Francisco Beitia, Erik Valencia, Bernat Peris, Luis De Pedro, Josep D. Asís, José Tormos., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
47. Interaction of exogenous factors (light and temperature) in their influence on the daily pattern of adult eclosion in Trichogramma embryophagum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
- Creator:
- Karpova , Svetlana G. and Reznik, Sergey Ya.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Trichogramma, eclosion, circadian rhythms, and exogenous effects
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A comparative study of the direct influence of single, non-repetitive changes of light and/or temperature on the daily pattern of adult eclosion was conducted in laboratory conditions with the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig). In all experiments, the entire development occurred under the same regimen (12L : 12D, 20°C). However, just in the day when records of eclosion were made, the time of light-on was changed (from the total absence of a dark period to the 12-h-long scotophase). In addition, in different treatments of each experiment a thermophase (30°C during 2 or 4 hours) was applied in various positions relative to light-on. Results showed that light-on or a temperature step-up could induce eclosion in a certain percentage of individuals practically at any time of the 24-h-long cycle (masking effects). The fraction of adults emerging during 2 h after the beginning of the action of an exogenous factor depended not only on the preceding scotophase duration, but also on the stimulus itself (light, temperature or both). The temperature stimulus was found to modify the responsiveness to light considerably, depending on the order of application of the stimuli. The simultaneous action of light-on and a temperature step-up exerted a more considerable influence than could be expected based on their separate impacts. On the contrary, a high temperature pulse preceding the onset of the photophase inhibited the response of individuals to light-on, evidently acting by phase delay of a circadian rhythm of light responsiveness. These effects were more pronounced in the first half of the 12-h-long scotophase. The data suggest a complex interaction between the exogenous factors in their influence on the daily pattern of adult eclosion.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
48. Intraguild predation of Orius niger (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
- Creator:
- Penlivan, Serkan, Kurtuluş, Alican, Alinç, Tuğcan, and Atakan, Ekrem
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Hemiptera, Anthocoridae, Orius niger, Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae, Trichogramma evanescens, intraguild predation, Ephestia kuehniella, and biological control
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Intraguild predation of a generalist predator, Orius niger Wolff (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), was determined in choice and no-choice experiments using a factitious host, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), under laboratory conditions. Choice and no-choice experiments were conducted in order to assess the level of intraguild predation of O. niger on E. kuehniella eggs parasitized by T. evanescens. In no-choice experiments, approximately 50 sterile (1) non-parasitized, (2) 3-day-old parasitized, or (3) 6-day-old parasitized E. kuehniella eggs were offered to 24-h-old females of O. niger in glass tubes. In choice experiments approximately 25 eggs of two of the three groups mentioned above were offered to 24-h-old O. niger females. In both choice and no-choice experiments, O. niger consumed more non-parasitized eggs of E. kuehniella. However, intraguild predation occurred, especially of 3-day-old parasitoids, but very few 6-day-old parasitized eggs were consumed. The preference index was nearly 1 indicating O. niger preferred mainly non-parasitized E. kuehniella eggs. A lower level of intraguild predation is expected under field conditions but needs to be investigated using further experiments.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
49. Is host age an important factor in the bionomics of Apanteles myeloenta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)?
- Creator:
- Kishani Farahani, Hossein and Goldansaz, Seyed Hossein
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Apanteles myeloenta, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, parasitism, pomegranate, host age, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a serious pest and causes a considerable loss of yield of pomegranate in Iran. Apanteles myeloenta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the dominant parasitoid of this pest parasitizing it more than 30% in recent years. This parasitoid is a candidate for augmentative biological control program to reduce the level of the infestation of fruit overwinter. The objective of this research was to optimize the mass production of A. myeloenta. The mean developmental time of females was 28 days and of males 27 days. Pupal development lasted 7 days. The second instar was the preferred host and most heavily parasitized (45%). Wasps that started their development in second instar hosts produced the highest progeny and those that started in third instar hosts survived as adults for longest. The sex ratio (females to males) of A. myeloenta that emerged from carob moth larvae parasitized in the first instar was 1 : 3.5, in the second instar 1 : 3 and in the third instar 1 : 2. The influence of different host ages on the functional response of A. myeloenta to host density was assessed. Logistic regression indicated a type II functional response to different densities of all the stages of the host tested., Hossein Kishani Farahani, Seyed Hossein Goldansaz., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
50. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for the mud-dauber wasp Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) albitarse (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)
- Creator:
- Da Costa Almeida, Juliano, Bragato Bergamaschi, Antonio Carlos, Sanches, Alexandra, Hatanaka, Terumi, and Del Lama, Marco Antonio
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hymenoptera, Crabronidae, Trypoxylon albitarse, microsatellites, genetic characteriation, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- This paper describes the characterization of a set of nine microsatellite markers for the pipe-organ mud-dauber wasp, Trypoxylon albitarse F. (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), a common solitary wasp species in Brazil. Eight of the nine loci described were found to be polymorphic. The number of alleles ranged from three to 11. Observed and expected heterozygosity on the population level ranged from 0.135 to 0.891 and 0.177 to 0.865, respectively. Genotypic analyses revealed no deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or linkage disequilibrium after sequential Bonferroni correction. Cross-species amplification was also tested for nine related species and positive amplifications were found in most of the assays. These markers will be useful in studies involving relatedness analysis and investigations of the population genetics of these wasps., Juliano Da Costa Almeida ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public