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517. Are coastal deserts necessarily dew deserts? An example from the Tabernas Desert

Creator:
Kidron, Giora J. and Lázaro, Roberto
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
fog, negev desert, relative humidity, vapor condensation, and wind speed
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Vapor condensation, whether due to dew or fog, may add a stable and important source of water to deserts. This was also extensively assessed in the Negev, regarded as a dew desert. Dew deserts necessitate a large reservoir of vapor, and are therefore confined to near oceans or seas. Yet, examples of such deserts are scarce. Here we try to assess whether the Tabernas Desert in SE Spain can be regarded as a dew desert, and may therefore facilitate the growth of certain organisms that otherwise would not survive the dry season. We analyze some of the abiotic conditions of four relatively dry months (June, July, August, September) in the Tabernas and Negev deserts (with the Negev taken as an example of a dew desert) during 2003–2012. The analysis showed substantially lower values of relative humidity (by 10–13%) in the Tabernas in comparison to the Negev, with RH ≥95% being on average only 0.9–1.1 days a month in the Tabernas in comparison to 9.7–13.9 days in the Negev. Our findings imply that the Tabernas Desert cannot be regarded as a dew desert, suggesting that rain will be the main factor responsible for the food web chain in the Tabernas.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

518. Are diurnal fluctuations in streamflow real?

Creator:
Cuevas, Jaime G., Calvo, Matías, Little, Christian, Pino, Mario, and Dassori, Paul
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
iInstrumental analysis, methodological artifacts, southern rainforests, stream and air temperatures, inštrumentálna analýza, metodologické artefakty, južné dažďové pralesy, and teploty vzduchu a vody
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Diurnal variations in streamflow (DVS) have been studied in detail by underwater pressure loggers. Some of this equipment requires barometric compensation with a logger or sensor located outside the water. Studies related to this topic have not offered a critical report of the validity of patterns inferred with these instruments. While studying a forested watershed in Southern Chile (40° S), we detected a DVS when the external logger was placed 1.5 m above ground, under a marked diurnal fluctuation in air temperature (amplitude 12.4 °C) and a dampened fluctuation in stream temperature (amplitude 1.4 °C). Synchronization was apparent between air and stream temperature in a direct relationship, but the synchronization between air/stream temperature and streamflow was negative, with some hours of lag time. In laboratory experiments, when the external logger is considerably warmer than the water-level logger, depth measurements can be underestimated by up to 1.5 cm. When the opposite occurs, water depths can be overestimated by up to 0.9 cm and are large instrumental/methodological artifacts compared to the field water diurnal variation of 1.3 cm. Finally, we relocated the external logger in front of the water-level logger and inside a weir, but exposed to the air. Results confirmed the pattern previously detected in the field, but streamflow fluctuations were 19% less accentuated. We conclude that the incorrect placement of the external logger, along with an instrumental artifact, can intensify a DVS pattern. and Počas dňa sme podrobne sledovali zmeny prietokov v tokoch tlakovými snímačmi, umiestnenými pod vodou. Niektoré z týchto zariadení vyžadujú barometrickú kompenzáciu snímačov, ktoré nie sú umiestnené vo vode. Štúdie z tejto oblasti obyčajne nehodnotia kriticky správnosť výsledkov meraní týmito zariadeniami. Počas meraní v zalesnenom povodí na juhu Chile (40° S), sme zistili zmeny prietokov v tokoch počas dňa, ak bol externý tlakový snímač (logger) uložený 1,5 m nad zemou, počas výrazných denných zmien teploty vzduchu (amplitúda 12.4 °C) a stlmené fluktuácie teploty vody v toku (amplitúda 1.4 °C). Synchronizácia medzi teplotami vody a vzduchu bola zrejmá, ale synchronizácia medzi teplotami vody v toku a prietokmi bola negatívna, s hodinovými posunmi voči sebe. V experimentoch v laboratóriu, keď bol externý snímač podstatne teplejší ako snímač vo vode, meranie hĺbok bolo podhodnotené až o 1,5 cm. V opačnom prípade, hĺbka hladiny vody bola nadhodnotená až o 0,9 cm a boli zistené významné inštrumentálne/metodologické artefakty v porovnaní s poľnými meraniami až o 1,3 cm. Nakoniec, externý snímač bol umiestnený pred snímač s údajmi o vodnej hladine a dovnútra prepadu, ale bol vo vzduchu. Výsledky meraní potvrdili chody prietokov namerané v teréne, ale fluktuácie prietokov boli nižšie o 19 %. Z toho vyplýva, že nesprávne umiestnenie externého snímača, spolu s prístrojovými artefaktmi, môžu intenzifikovať zmeny prietokov v tokoch počas dňa.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

519. Are quantifier phrases always quantificational? The case of ''every F''

Creator:
Baumann, Pierre
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
determiners, Generalized Quantifier Theory, Gricean pragmatics, quantifiers, and reference
Language:
Slovak
Description:
This paper argues that English quantifier phrases of the form ''every F'' admit of a literal referential interpretation, contrary to the standard semantic account of this expression, according to which it denotes a set and a second-order relation. Various arguments are offered in favor of the referential interpretation, and two likely objections to it are forestalled., Tento článek argumentuje, že anglické kvantifikační fráze formy ,,každý F'' přiznávají doslovný referenční výklad, na rozdíl od standardního sémantického účtu tohoto výrazu, podle kterého označuje množinu a vztah druhého řádu. Různé argumenty jsou nabídnuty ve prospěch referenčního výkladu, a dvě pravděpodobné námitky k tomu jsou zalesněny., and Pierre Baumann
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

520. Are there process-requirements of rationality?

Creator:
Fink, Julian
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
rationality, process-requirements, state-requirements, Kolodny, and Broome
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Does a coherentist version of rationality issue requirements on states? Or does it issue requirements on processes? This paper evaluates the possibility of process-requirements. It argues that there are two possible definitions of state- and process-requirements: a satisfaction-based definition and a content-based definition. I demonstrate that the satisfaction-based definition is inappropriate. It does not allow us to uphold a clear-cut distinction between state- and process-requirements. We should therefore use a content-based definition of state- and process-requirements. However, a content-based definition entails that rationality does not issue process-requirements. Content-based process-requirements violate the principle that ''rationality requires'' implies ''can satisfy''. The conclusion of this paper therefore amounts to a radical rejection of process-requirements of rationality., Vyžaduje koherentní verze racionálních požadavků požadavky na státy? Nebo vydává požadavky na procesy? Tento článek hodnotí možnost procesních požadavků. Tvrdí, že existují dvě možné definice požadavků na stav a proces: definice založená na spokojenosti a definice založená na obsahu. Prokazuji, že definice založená na spokojenosti je nevhodná. To nám neumožňuje prosazovat jednoznačný rozdíl mezi požadavky na stav a proces. Měli bychom proto použít obsahovou definici požadavků na stav a proces. Definice založená na obsahu však znamená, že racionalita nevyžaduje procesní požadavky. Požadavky na obsah založené na obsahu porušují zásadu, že ,,racionalita vyžaduje'' znamená ,,uspokojit''., and Julian Fink
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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