The diet composition and prey selection of grey wolves (Canis lupus) inhabiting the Roztocze and Solska Forest (south-east Poland) was studied based on an analysis of scats collected in 2001-2002 (n = 84) and 2017-2020 (n = 302). In both periods, wolves preyed mainly on wild ungulates (96.5-96.7% of consumed biomass). Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) was the most critical wolf prey accounting for 57.8% of consumed biomass in 2001-2002 and 49.2% and 2017-2020, but wolves positively select only wild boar (Jacob's selectivity index D = 0.213 in 2001-2002 and 0.710 in 2017-2020) and fallow deer (D = 0.588 only in 2017-2020). The largest species – moose Alces alces and red deer Cervus elaphus – were consumed less than expected from their share in the ungulate community. Predation on medium-sized wild mammals and domestic animals was low, 0.8-2.2% and 1.1-2.7% of the biomass consumed, respectively. The breadth of the wolf diet was very narrow and identical in both study periods (B = 1.07), while the similarity of diet composition was high (α = 0.999). This study indicated the stability of the wolf diet over two decades and the importance of wild boar as a food source for this carnivore.
The diet of weasel (Mustela nivalis) collected in agricultural mosaic plain regions of Hugary was studied using the analysis of stomach and rectum contents (n = 155). As a percentage relative frequency of occurrence, diets consisted of 85% small rodents (mainly Microtus spp.), 10% birds (mainly Passeriformes), and lizard, wasp, blood and plant matter. Consumption of small mammals increased from winter to summer and autumn. No predation on lagomorphs was found. Standardized trophic niche breadth was very narrow (mean, Bsta= 0.07). The food consisted of characteristically small (15–50 g) and terrestrial prey.
The diet of the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) was investigated over an annual cycle in three biotopes of Kabylie of Djurdjura, differing in the structure of the vegetation and the anthropic action (oak forest, maquis and cultivated zone). The analysis of 140 stomach contents was restricted to three main components: seeds, vegetative parts of plants and arthropod remains, expressed in dry weight and percentages of occurrence. Five independent variables were considered: habitat, sex, sexual activity, season and age. In the three biotopes wood mouse was primarily granivorous, seeds occurring in 99.3% of the stomachs, for 91.5% of dry weight; seasonal variations were significant, with higher occurrence of seeds in winter and summer. Vegetative items (leaves, stems and flowers) were overall rather frequent (occurrence: 19.3%; dry weight: 4.0%), mainly in winter and spring, in the cultivated zone. Arthropods, mainly insects, were frequently preyed by adults (occurrence: 26.4%; dry weight: 4,4%), particularly in the forest. This diet from Mediterranean habitats is discussed by comparing it with previous data in the same biome and in the northern part of the range.
Faecal pellets were collected under one maternity colony of each of E. serotinus (E.s.) and E. nilssonii (E.n.). The distance between the colonies was 83 km. In total, 325 pellets (13 samples) of E.s. and 150 pellets (6 samples) of E.n. were analysed. Nematoceran Diptera, mainly Chironomidae, were the most frequent food items in both species. Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Heteroptera (Corixidae, Lygaeidae) and Hym enoptera (Formicoidea, Ichneumonidae) were common in E.s., Lepidoptera, Heteroptera (Miridae), Aphidomorpha, Psyllomorpha and brachyceran Diptera were common in E.n. If the samples of the two species are adjusted to the same time (16 June – 15 August), the prevalence of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera in E.s. and Heteroptera and Lepidoptera in E.n. are highly significant (p E.s. is less significant (p jk) fluctuated between 6 % and 80 % with an average of 69 %. Prey diversity (H’), evenness (J’), measure of niche breadth (B) and the representation of four major insect groups varied seasonally and in the two species independently of each other. Both species prefer aerial hawking and hunt for swarming insects if available. Comparison with data of other authors revealed regional differences in foraging and diet within each of the species studied.
Flavonoids, a group of phenolic compounds found naturally in fruit, vegetables, nuts, flowers, seeds and bark are an integral part of the human diet. They have been reported to exhibit a wide range of biological effects, including anti-ischemic, antiplatelet, antineoplastic, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, antilipoperoxidant or gastroprotective actions. Furthermore, flavonoids are potent antioxidants, free radical scavengers and metal chelators, and inhibit lipid peroxidation. Oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) is believed to play a crucial role in atherogenesis. Epidemiological studies have shown that the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and regular red wine consumption is related with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases., G. Mojžišová, M. Kuchta., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The effect of adding 5 % powdered oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) during 12 weeks on kinetic parameters of cholesterol metabolism was studied in male rats (Wistar, initial body weight 85 g) fed a semisynthetic diet containing 0.3 % of cholesterol. The plasma cholesterol decay curve (examined for the final 29 days of the experiment after a single dose of cholesterol-4- 14C) was evaluated by mathematical analysis using a two-pool model of plasma cholesterol metabolism. The oyster mushroom in the diet reduced the half-times of both exponentials resulting in lower calculated values (by 28 %) of total entry of cholesterol into the body cholesterol pool (absorption + endogenous synthesis) and lower sizes of both pools (with slower and faster cholesterol exchange). The rate of cholesterol exchange between the pools was enhanced and the rate of total clearance of cholesterol from the system (metabolic turnover rate of cholesterol, i.e. the rate of degradation and excretion of cholesterol from the organism) was enhanced by 50 %. The oyster mushroom diet effectively prevented the progress of hypercholesterolaemia (decrease by 38 %) and cholesterol accumulation in liver
(decrease by 25 %) that were induced by the cholesterol diet.
Autor příspěvku poukazuje na významný teoretický přínos D. Kastovského, jedné z nej výraznějších současných světových osobností v oblasti synchronní a diachronní slovotvorby. Jeho dílo je neobyčejné rozsáhlé, takže se příspěvek zaměřuje jen na základní myšlenky, které charakterizují dílo tohoto velikána a které byly podrobně rozpracované v desítkách jeho studií.