Water erosion has been recognized as a major soil degradation process worldwide. This is of special relevance in the semi-arid areas of South Bulgaria with long periods of drought along with severe rainfall events. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of Bromus innermis L. and Lotus corniculatus L. for soil protection purposes under different site conditions. The site parameters considered were slope, fertilization and a range of soil physical parameters. The plant parameters were canopy cover, biomass, and root morphological characteristics. The experiment includes plots without and with eleven rates of NPK fertilization on gentle (6o ) and steep slopes (12o ). It was observed that the effect of fertilization on shoot and root growth was stronger on the gentle than on the steep slopes. The biomass accumulation was more sensitive to N than the PK fertilizer applications. The increase of the root density with increasing fertilization rates was more pronounced for the mass than for length or surface area. A significant effect on root diameter was found only for the variants with the highest N application. Treatments with the highest root mass density on both slopes showed the greatest potential for reducing erosion.
Soil compaction in agricultural areas inhibits plant root growth through increased mechanical resistance, altered water and nutrient supply. The main objective of this study was to evaluate spatial distribution of roots and its effect on water uptake of maize grown on field with subsoil compaction. Two treatments were examined: complex melioration consisting of deep loosening in combination with drainage and control without applied meliorations. Root observations were conducted on vertical and superposed horizontal planes covered with a 2 cm grid short after silking. Root distributions expressed as index of density and/or dry mass density were estimated down to 1m soil depth and with a distance to a plant base. For analysis of root distribution pattern on the horizontal planes, a Variance to Mean Ratio (VMR) test was applied. Soil water monitoring were conducted during the vegetation period. On the vertical planes, root densities were similar in the topsoil of both treatments, but the results were significantly higher in the subsoil of the meliorated one showing deeper allocation of root density. In contrast, the control had more squares with lots of roots (i.e. higher indexes) just at the top- subsoil boundary owing to bunching of roots in macropores. The horizontal planes in the control generally consisted larger areas without visible roots and thus great distances for water and nutrient transmission, especially in the subsoil. The estimated VMR also pointed toward different levels of root clustering. Consequently, an inhibited water extraction from the subsoil in the control, a delay in crop ontogenesis and a less biomass production was established during the observed period. and Zhutnenie poľnohospodárskej pôdy bráni rastu koreňov; je to spôsobené zvýšeným mechanickým odporom pôdy, a zníženým prítokom vody a živín. Cieľom tejto štúdie je zhodnotenie priestorovej variability koreňov, ich vplyvu na odber vody koreňmi kukurice na poli so zhutnenou podorničnou vrstvou. Boli hodnotené dva spôsoby obrábania: komplexná meliorácia pozostávajúca z hlbokého podrývania v kombinácii s drenážou a obrábanie (kontrola) bez melioračných zásahov. Identifikácia rozdelenia koreňov bola vykonaná vo vertikálnych a horizontálnych rovinách s 2-cm sieťou, krátko po metaní. Rozdelenie koreňov bolo vyjadrené ako index hustoty alebo ako hustota suchej biomasy koreňov do hĺbky 1 m; v horizontálnom smere až k susedným rastlinám. Bol použitý test ''Variance to Mean Ratio'' (VMR) na určenie rozdelenia koreňov v horizontálnom smere počas vegetačného obdobia. Hustota koreňov vrchnej vrstvy pôdy vo vertikálnej rovine bola podobná pre obidve varianty, ale pre meliorovanú pôdu boli hodnoty hustoty koreňov v podloží podstatne vyššie a korene zasahovali hlbšie. Ako protiklad, na kontrolnom pozemku bolo viac štvorcov s mnohými koreňmi (t.j. vyššie indexy) práve na hranici orničnej a podorničnej vrstvy, pre enormný rast koreňov v makropóroch. V horizontálnej rovine tento kontrolný pozemok obsahoval veľké oblasti bez viditeľných koreňov, a to znamená veľké vzdialenosti pre prenos vody a živín v podorničnej vrstve. Výsledky aplikácie VMR naznačujú tiež rozdielne úrovne zhlukov koreňov. Z toho vyplýva znížený odber vody koreňmi rastlín na kontrolnom pozemku, ako aj pomalšia ontogenéza a nižšia produkcia biomasy, ktorá bola identifikovaná počas sledovaného obdobia.