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2. Effect of host plant on body size of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and its correlation with reproductive capacity
- Creator:
- Kogel, Willem Jan de, Bosco, Domenico, Hoek, Marieke van der, and Mollema, Chris
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- article, bibliography, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- zoologie, entomologie, hmyz, Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Frankliniella occidentalis, rozmnožování, velikost těla, potrava, hostitelská rostlina, vzájemné vztahy, 595.2/.7, and 591.5
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The effect of different host plants on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) body size was investigated. Thrips from three different populations, from the Netherlands, Italy, and USA, achieved greater body sizes when reared on cucumber than on bean. The same thrips grew larger when reared on susceptible than on resistant cucumber. On the latter, reproduction was reduced, suggesting that smaller thrips have a lower reproduction. However, no evidence was found for a correlation between size and reproduction in experiments with thrips from four different populations, from the Netherlands, New Zealand, France, and USA that differed significantly in body size. Also when individual thrips from the four populations were tested, there was no correlation between size and reproduction. It is concluded that resistant cucumber affects both size and reproduction of F. occidentalis. However, lower reproduction in general is not associated with smaller body size., Willem Jan de Kogel, Domenico Bosco, Marieke van der Hoek, Chris Mollema, and Lit
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3. Effect of temperature on development of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
- Creator:
- McDonald, Jamie R., Bale, Jeffrey S., and Walters, Keith F. A.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Thripidae, developmental rate, lower developmental threshold temperature, and thermal summation
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The development of the Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande; Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was studied at six temperatures between 10 and 35°C. Developmental rate increased linearly as rearing temperature increased. It was estimated that 268 degree-days, above a threshold temperature of 7.9°C, were required to complete development from egg to adult. These data were related to records of field temperatures in the West Midlands region of the UK, to estimate the potential number of generations per year that could complete development in outdoor conditions. Using this data, a maximum of between three and five generations could have developed annually between 1986 and 1995, (in the absence of factors impairing continuous development). The application and relevance of this data as an indicator of the potential range of F. occidentalis is discussed.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
4. Fast slide preparation for thrips (Thysanoptera) routine identifications
- Creator:
- Silveira, Luís C. P. and Haro, Marcelo M.
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, entomology, Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Phlaeothripidae, pest, IPM, Hoyer's solution, slide mount, identification, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Thrips are important agricultural pests and accurate identification is important for their effective management. In order to determine species, however, they need to be mounted on slides and the traditional process is time-consuming. The aim of this paper is to describe a simple and fast method to prepare temporary slides for the routine identification of thrips, which is not dependent on their colour and hardness. Four species of thrips of different colours were used in the preparations: Frankliniella occidentalis (yellow with brown tergal markings), Frankliniella schultzei (entirely brown), Haplothrips gowdeyii (dark brown to carmine) and Caliothrips phaseoli (brown to black). Slides of each species were prepared using three different methods: traditional (3 days), simplified (6 h) and fast method (10 min). The thrips on the resulting slides were observed under a microscope and important structures used in their identification were compared. The quality of the slides prepared using the traditional method was superior to those prepared using the other two methods if only the transparency and general position of the insects on the slides were considered. The transparency of the slides prepared using the simplified method was also good, but only for the pale coloured species (yellow and grey-brown). The fast method, on the other hand, was very efficient for routine identification since it resulted in slides of sufficient quality for identifying species regardless of their colour. It is important, however, to stress that the fast method is only suitable for preparing temporary slides for routine identification and is not a substitute for the traditional method of preparing permanent slides., Luís C.P. Silveira, Marcelo M. Haro., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
5. Symbiotic bacteria (Erwinia sp.) in the gut of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) do not affect its ability to transmit tospovirus
- Creator:
- De Vries, Egbert, Van de Wetering, Fennet, Van der Hoek, Marieke M., Jacobs, Gerrit, and Breeuwer, Johannes A.J.
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Erwinia, TSWV, virus-bacteria interaction, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thripidae, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most harmful plant viruses and one of its most important vectors is the western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)]. Recently, we reported the close association of Erwinia sp. gut bacteria with this species of thrips. The first instar larvae acquire these bacteria from their food source. A high proportion of adult western flower thrips transmit TSWV after acquiring the virus during the first larval stage when there are no bacteria in their gut. A considerably lower proportion of adults that acquire the virus early in the second instar transmit virus and none of those exposed to virus late on in the second instar do so. The highest prevalence and total number of symbiotic bacteria are recorded in the guts of second instar thrips. This leads to the hypothesis that the build up of bacteria in the gut reduces the acquisition of TSWV, resulting in a lower capacity to transmit the virus. To test this hypothesis, the transmission of this virus by symbiotic and aposymbiotic adult thrips of the NL3 population was studied. Comparison of virus transmission by adult thrips, the larvae of which either had or lacked gut bacteria and were exposed to virus in either the first or second instar, revealed no difference in the ability of symbiotic and aposymbiotic adults to transmit this virus. We conclude that virus transmission is not affected by the number of the symbiotic bacteria Erwinia sp. present in the gut of thrips larvae., Egbert J De Vries ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
6. Temperature, development and establishment potential of Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in the United Kingdom
- Creator:
- McDonald, Jamie R., Bale, Jeffrey S., and Walters, Keith F.A.
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- article, bibliography, conference publication, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Third European Workshop of Invertebrate Ecophysiology (1998 : Birmingham, Česko), zoologie, fyziologie živočichů, ekofyziologie, hmyz, Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Thrips palmi, Frankliniella occidentalis, vývoj, přezimování, teplota, teplotní biologie, 591.5, 061.3, and 595.2/.7
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In order to manage the risks posed to domestic crop production by quarantine pests such as Thrips palmi, their potential to establish in a new environment must be assessed. The thermal requirements for development of T. palmi were determined and compared with UK temperatures, to estimate its potential for development under UK conditions. Temperature and rate of development of T. palmi from egg to adult were linearly related between 15 and 30°C, allowing calculation of an overall threshold of 10.1°C, and a sum of effective temperatures of 194 degree-days. In the UK, development of T. palmi would be possible outdoors during the summer when a maximum of up to four or five generations could occur. Comparison of these data with those of the recently established and biologically similar pest, Frankliniella occidentalis, shows that establishment of T. palmi in the UK is unlikely to be limited by an inability to complete the life cycle during the favourable season., Jamie R. McDonald, Jeffrey S. Bale, Keith F.A. Walters, and Lit
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
7. The maternal effects of heat shock on biological parameters and ovaries of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
- Creator:
- Sun, Lijuan , Ma, Yabin , Li, Honggang , and Zheng, Changying
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Frankliniella occidentalis, double heat shock, fertility, longevity, maternal effect, ovary, sex ratio, single heat shock, and survival
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Maternal effects of heat shock are reported for some species of insects, but little is known about such effects in the western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). WFT is a pest of vegetables in greenhouses worldwide. It is susceptible to high temperatures in its natural environment and is controlled using heat treatment in China. WFT population growth is suppressed by a brief exposure to a high temperature of 40°C or 45°C in the laboratory. To explore the mechanism by which high temperatures suppress the growth of WFT populations, as well as the effects of multiple heat treatments on WFT, we recorded the duration of development and survival of immature WFT, and the sex ratio (female/male) and fecundity of F1, F2, F3 and F4 adult females that developed after a single heat shock, and those of F2 offspring after a double heat shock. We also recorded the longevity and ovarian structure of adult females of the treated generation (P) and their F1, F2 and F3 offspring after a single heat shock. In addition, we determined whether the effects of a heat shock on second instar nymphs and adults differed. The results indicate that exposure of the parental generation to 41°C or 45°C for 2 h significantly prolonged the duration of development, reduced survival of immature WFT and altered the sex ratio (female/male), longevity and fertility of their adult female offspring. The effects of a heat shock of 41°C persisted for two generations, whilst the effect of heat shock of 45°C persisted for three generations. In addition, double heat shocks had more pronounced effects than a single heat shock. Heat shock administered to second instar nymphs resulted in a decrease in the number of ovarioles, whilst a heat shock administered to adults resulted in ovariole deformity. The maternal effects of heat shock in terms of the biological parameters of WFT, structure and number of ovarioles, are critical in determining the suppression of the growth at high temperatures of WFT populations.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public