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2. Diagnostic characters of the larvae of some Hoplothrips species (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera) in Norway
- Creator:
- Kobro, Sverre and Trond, Rafoss
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Thysanoptera, Hoplothrips, larvae, identification, and mathematical approach
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Characteristics of 46 setae of the second stage larvae of four Hoplothrips species (Thysanoptera) are discussed with respect to their diagnostic value. Two different approaches, of which one is mathematical, for identification of the larvae are given.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3. Effect of host plant on body size of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and its correlation with reproductive capacity
- Creator:
- Kogel, Willem Jan de, Bosco, Domenico, Hoek, Marieke van der, and Mollema, Chris
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- article, bibliography, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- zoologie, entomologie, hmyz, Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Frankliniella occidentalis, rozmnožování, velikost těla, potrava, hostitelská rostlina, vzájemné vztahy, 595.2/.7, and 591.5
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The effect of different host plants on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) body size was investigated. Thrips from three different populations, from the Netherlands, Italy, and USA, achieved greater body sizes when reared on cucumber than on bean. The same thrips grew larger when reared on susceptible than on resistant cucumber. On the latter, reproduction was reduced, suggesting that smaller thrips have a lower reproduction. However, no evidence was found for a correlation between size and reproduction in experiments with thrips from four different populations, from the Netherlands, New Zealand, France, and USA that differed significantly in body size. Also when individual thrips from the four populations were tested, there was no correlation between size and reproduction. It is concluded that resistant cucumber affects both size and reproduction of F. occidentalis. However, lower reproduction in general is not associated with smaller body size., Willem Jan de Kogel, Domenico Bosco, Marieke van der Hoek, Chris Mollema, and Lit
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
4. Effect of temperature on development of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
- Creator:
- McDonald, Jamie R., Bale, Jeffrey S., and Walters, Keith F. A.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Thripidae, developmental rate, lower developmental threshold temperature, and thermal summation
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The development of the Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande; Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was studied at six temperatures between 10 and 35°C. Developmental rate increased linearly as rearing temperature increased. It was estimated that 268 degree-days, above a threshold temperature of 7.9°C, were required to complete development from egg to adult. These data were related to records of field temperatures in the West Midlands region of the UK, to estimate the potential number of generations per year that could complete development in outdoor conditions. Using this data, a maximum of between three and five generations could have developed annually between 1986 and 1995, (in the absence of factors impairing continuous development). The application and relevance of this data as an indicator of the potential range of F. occidentalis is discussed.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5. Fast slide preparation for thrips (Thysanoptera) routine identifications
- Creator:
- Silveira, Luís C. P. and Haro, Marcelo M.
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, entomology, Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Phlaeothripidae, pest, IPM, Hoyer's solution, slide mount, identification, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Thrips are important agricultural pests and accurate identification is important for their effective management. In order to determine species, however, they need to be mounted on slides and the traditional process is time-consuming. The aim of this paper is to describe a simple and fast method to prepare temporary slides for the routine identification of thrips, which is not dependent on their colour and hardness. Four species of thrips of different colours were used in the preparations: Frankliniella occidentalis (yellow with brown tergal markings), Frankliniella schultzei (entirely brown), Haplothrips gowdeyii (dark brown to carmine) and Caliothrips phaseoli (brown to black). Slides of each species were prepared using three different methods: traditional (3 days), simplified (6 h) and fast method (10 min). The thrips on the resulting slides were observed under a microscope and important structures used in their identification were compared. The quality of the slides prepared using the traditional method was superior to those prepared using the other two methods if only the transparency and general position of the insects on the slides were considered. The transparency of the slides prepared using the simplified method was also good, but only for the pale coloured species (yellow and grey-brown). The fast method, on the other hand, was very efficient for routine identification since it resulted in slides of sufficient quality for identifying species regardless of their colour. It is important, however, to stress that the fast method is only suitable for preparing temporary slides for routine identification and is not a substitute for the traditional method of preparing permanent slides., Luís C.P. Silveira, Marcelo M. Haro., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
6. Temperature and the development rates of thrips: Evidence for a constraint on local adaptation?
- Creator:
- Stacey, David A. and Fellowes , Mark D.E.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Body size, day degrees, development rate, temperature, trade-off, Thysanoptera, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips major, and Thrips tabaci
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Typically, the relationship between insect development and temperature is described by two characteristics: the minimum temperature needed for development to occur (Tmin) and the number of day degrees required (DDR) for the completion of development. We investigated these characteristics in three English populations of Thrips major and T. tabaci [Cawood, Yorkshire (N53°49', W1°7'); Boxworth, Cambridgeshire (N52°15', W0°1'); Silwood Park, Berkshire (N51°24', W0°38')], and two populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Cawood; Silwood Park). While there were no significant differences among populations in either Tmin (mean for T. major = 7.0°C; T. tabaci = 5.9°C; F. occidentalis = 6.7°C) or DDR (mean for T. major = 229.9; T. tabaci = 260.8; F. occidentalis = 233.4), there were significant differences in the relationship between temperature and body size, suggesting the presence of geographic variation in this trait. Using published data, in addition to those newly collected, we found a negative relationship between Tmin and DDR for F. occidentalis and T. tabaci, supporting the hypothesis that a trade-off between Tmin and DDR may constrain adaptation to local climatic conditions.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
7. Temperature, development and establishment potential of Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in the United Kingdom
- Creator:
- McDonald, Jamie R., Bale, Jeffrey S., and Walters, Keith F.A.
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- article, bibliography, conference publication, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Third European Workshop of Invertebrate Ecophysiology (1998 : Birmingham, Česko), zoologie, fyziologie živočichů, ekofyziologie, hmyz, Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Thrips palmi, Frankliniella occidentalis, vývoj, přezimování, teplota, teplotní biologie, 591.5, 061.3, and 595.2/.7
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In order to manage the risks posed to domestic crop production by quarantine pests such as Thrips palmi, their potential to establish in a new environment must be assessed. The thermal requirements for development of T. palmi were determined and compared with UK temperatures, to estimate its potential for development under UK conditions. Temperature and rate of development of T. palmi from egg to adult were linearly related between 15 and 30°C, allowing calculation of an overall threshold of 10.1°C, and a sum of effective temperatures of 194 degree-days. In the UK, development of T. palmi would be possible outdoors during the summer when a maximum of up to four or five generations could occur. Comparison of these data with those of the recently established and biologically similar pest, Frankliniella occidentalis, shows that establishment of T. palmi in the UK is unlikely to be limited by an inability to complete the life cycle during the favourable season., Jamie R. McDonald, Jeffrey S. Bale, Keith F.A. Walters, and Lit
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
8. The maternal effects of heat shock on biological parameters and ovaries of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
- Creator:
- Sun, Lijuan , Ma, Yabin , Li, Honggang , and Zheng, Changying
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Frankliniella occidentalis, double heat shock, fertility, longevity, maternal effect, ovary, sex ratio, single heat shock, and survival
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Maternal effects of heat shock are reported for some species of insects, but little is known about such effects in the western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). WFT is a pest of vegetables in greenhouses worldwide. It is susceptible to high temperatures in its natural environment and is controlled using heat treatment in China. WFT population growth is suppressed by a brief exposure to a high temperature of 40°C or 45°C in the laboratory. To explore the mechanism by which high temperatures suppress the growth of WFT populations, as well as the effects of multiple heat treatments on WFT, we recorded the duration of development and survival of immature WFT, and the sex ratio (female/male) and fecundity of F1, F2, F3 and F4 adult females that developed after a single heat shock, and those of F2 offspring after a double heat shock. We also recorded the longevity and ovarian structure of adult females of the treated generation (P) and their F1, F2 and F3 offspring after a single heat shock. In addition, we determined whether the effects of a heat shock on second instar nymphs and adults differed. The results indicate that exposure of the parental generation to 41°C or 45°C for 2 h significantly prolonged the duration of development, reduced survival of immature WFT and altered the sex ratio (female/male), longevity and fertility of their adult female offspring. The effects of a heat shock of 41°C persisted for two generations, whilst the effect of heat shock of 45°C persisted for three generations. In addition, double heat shocks had more pronounced effects than a single heat shock. Heat shock administered to second instar nymphs resulted in a decrease in the number of ovarioles, whilst a heat shock administered to adults resulted in ovariole deformity. The maternal effects of heat shock in terms of the biological parameters of WFT, structure and number of ovarioles, are critical in determining the suppression of the growth at high temperatures of WFT populations.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public