Zahájení činnosti České akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění v květnu 1891 znamenalo pro tehdejší českou společnost symbolické dovršení procesu formování moderního národa. Češi po zhruba století budování vlastní literatury, divadla, historiografie atd. dosáhli v následujícím krátkém sledu nejen založení univerzity s češtinou jako vyučovacím jazykem (1882), nýbrž zřízením akademie položili též základy pro rozvoj moderní neuniverzitní vědy. Rozhodující zásluhu si v tomto směru zjednal podnikatel a mecenáš Josef Hlávka. and The establishment of the Emperor Franz Joseph’s Czech Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts in May 1891 symbolically crowned the process whereby the modern Czech nation was formed (the Czechs had been developing their literature, theatre, historiography, etc.). The establishment of the Academy laid the foundations for the development of modern Czech science outside universities. Josef Hlávka, the Czech entrepreneur, philanthropist and patron of sciences, sometimes called the Czech Alfred Nobel, most substantially contributed to these efforts.
The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of acidicr egulatory molecules found in all eukaryotes. 14-3-3 proteins function as molecular scaffolds by modulating the conformation of their binding partners. Through the functional modulation of a wide range of binding partners, 14-3-3 proteins are involved in many processes including cell cycle regulation, metabolism control, apoptosis, and control of gene transcription. This minireview includes a short overview of 14-3-3 proteins and then focuses on their role in the regulation of two important binding partners: FOXO forkhead transcription factors and an enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase., V. Obšilová, J. Šilhan, E. Bouřa, J. Teisinger, T. Obšil., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Speleothems in 6 sandstone caves in the Bohemian Paradise (Český ráj) were dated by means of 14C and U-series methods. Stable isotopes of C and O, FAAS, IR, XRD, XRF and SEM were used to characterize the carbonate material and its source. Stable isotopes (C and O) composition of speleothems in two caves corresponds to values characteristic for cave speleothems in Central Europe. In other caves they indicate evaporation and fast carbon dioxide escape during carbonate precipitation. The speleothems from the Krtola Cave were deposited between 8 and 13 kyr BP. Speleothems were deposited 5-8 kyr BP in the Sintrová, Mrtvé Údolí and U Studánky caves. Calcite coatings on smooth sandstone surfaces in studied caves demonstrate that cave walls did not retreat even a few mm in the last 5-8 kyr since speleothem deposition and are thus not evolving under recent climatic conditions. Most of the cave ceilings and walls are at present time indurated by hardened surfaces, which protect the sandstone from erosion. Sandstone caves probably intensively evolved either during or at the end of the Last Glacial period. There are two different erosion mechanisms which might have formed/reshaped the caves at that time: A) In the case of permafrost conditions: Repeated freeze/melt cycles affecting sandstone pore space followed by the transport of fallen sand grains by minor temporary trickles. We expect that heat was transmitted by air circulating between the cave and the surface; B) Seepage erosion of sandstone during the melting of permafrost, prior forming of case hardening., Jiří Bruthans, Jana Schweigstillová, Petr Jenč, Zdeňka Churáčková and Petr Bezdička., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Basis der vorgelegten Untersuchung war die Seriation von Keramik aus ungestörten Inventaren der Siedlungen von Neckenmarkt und Strögen, Ostösterreich. Bei dieser Seriation war es erstmals gelungen, Phasen innerhalb des altbandkeramischen Fundgutes zu erarbeiten. Die drei derart erfaßten Siedlungsphasen erlaubten die Beobachtung der feintypologischen Entwicklung der Keramik ebenso wie die Erschließung von Bauabfolgen an den beiden Plätzen. Für die absolute Datierung der drei Siedlungsphasen wurden 10 Holzkohleproben im Rahmen eines eigenen Forschungsprojektes gemessen, die durch drei Daten aus früheren 14C-Messungen an Getreide ergänzt wurden. Die Meßergebnisse der Proben sowie deren Einzel– und Gruppenkalibrationen zeigten, daß die erwartete Gesamtdauer von etwa 75–150 Jahren für alle drei Siedlungsphasen trotz Hochpräzisionsmessungen derzeit noch zu kurz ist, um eine absolute Datierung der einzelnen Phasen zu erlauben. Durch die neue Datenserie und deren Gesamtgruppenkalibration ist aber nunmehr der Zeitrahmen für die altbandkeramische Besiedlung der beiden Fundstellen zwischen 5380– –5200 BC mit 53,6 % Wahrscheinlichkeit gesichert. and 14C-DATES AND SERIATION OF EARLY LINEAR POTTERY–CULTURE INVENTORIES. The investigation presented in this paper is based upon the seriation of ceramics from undisturbed inventories of the settlements Neckenmarkt and Strögen, eastern Austria. The result of this seriation was the first successful attempt to define settlement phases within the earlier Linear Pottery culture. The three occupation phases deduced that way permitted to see the development of the pottery as well as the succession of the buildings on both places. With the aid of an own investigation project 10 charcoal samples of the three settlement phases were analysed, which were completed by three previous measurements of grain. The dates obtained by all these samples, their calibration one by one and in groups showed the expected time span of around 75 to 150 years for all three settlement phases together is too short at the moment to date each phase, even when using high precision measuring like AMS. According to the new dataset of 14C-dates and their calibration as a group the time span for the occupation of the two places during the earlier Linear Pottery culture can be fixed between 5380–5200 BC with 53,6% probability.