CD200 and its receptor were recognized as having the multiple immunoregulatory functions. Their immunoregulatory, suppressive, and tolerogenic potentials could be very effectively exploited in the treatment of many diseases, e.g. Alzheimer disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergy to name only some. Many research projects are aimed to develop clinically valuable methods being based on the structure and function of these paired molecules. In this review, we would like to introduce CD200/CD200R functions in a clinical context., Drahomíra Holmannová, Martina Koláčková, Kateřina Kondělková, Pavel Kuneš, Jan Krejsek, Ctirad Andrýs, and Literatura 51
CD200/CD200R are highly conserved type I paired membrane glycoproteins that belong to the Ig superfamily containing a two immunoglobulin‑like domain (V, C). CD200 is broadly distributed in a variety of cell types, whereas CD200R is primarily expressed in myeloid and lymphoid cells. They fulfill multiple functions in regulating inflammation. The interaction between CD200/CD200R results in activation of the intracellular inhibitory pathway with RasGAP recruitment and thus contributes to effector cell inhibition. It was confirmed that the CD200R activation stimulates the differentiation of T cells to the Treg subset, upregulates indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase activity, modulates cytokine environment from a Th1 to a Th2 pattern, and facilitates an antiinflammatory IL‑10 and TGF‑β synthesis. CD200/CD200R are required for maintaining self‑tolerance. Many studies have demonstrated the importance of CD200 in controlling autoimmunity, inflammation, the development and spread of cancer, hypersensitivity, and spontaneous fetal loss., Drahomíra Holmannová, Martina Koláčková, Kateřina Kondělková, Pavel Kuneš, Jan Krejsek, Ctirad Andrýs, and Literatura 46
Seminal vesicle secretion is important for increasing the stability of sperm chromatin, inhibition of the immune activity in the female reproductive tract and so on. Metronidazole (MTZ), a drug used for treatment of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, may have negative effects on the genital gland including the seminal vesicles. Curcumin exhibits antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aims to evaluate the negative effects of MTZ on the seminal vesicle structure and ameliorative effects of curcumin using stereological methods. Thirty balb/c mice were divided into six groups. The control group was received distilled water. The second and the third received higher doses of MTZ (500 mg/kg body weight/day) and MTZ (500 mg/kg/day) + 100 mg/kg/day curcumin, respectively. The fourth and the fifth were treated with lower doses of MTZ (165 mg/kg body weight/day) and MTZ (165 mg/kg body weight/day) + curcumin (100 mg/kg body weight/day), respectively. The sixth group received 100 mg/kg body weight/day curcumin. All the administrations were done by oral gavages for 14 days. After 30 days, seminal vesicles were removed. Stereological study of the seminal vesicle structure revealed a significant reduction in gland and vesicular fluid volume in MTZ-treated (higher or lower doses) animals. Curcumin protected the reduction of both parameters in therapeutic-dose treated animals. Metronidazole treatment does not induce structural changes in the seminal gland; however, it can have a significant impact on its secretion ability. Importantly, these deteriorations might be preventable by curcumin co-treatment., Ali Noorafshan, Saied Karbalay‑Doust, and Literatura 30
In rats with leukemia activity of liver mitochondrial enzymes are decreased at 6 months. Later, we noted compensatory activation of complexes II and III of the respiratory chain and transition to decompensation stage by final deadline. The activity of complex IV of the respiratory chain remains high. These changes result from increased lipid peroxidation and decreased activity of antioxidant protection enzymes., Gulmira Kasymova, Ulugbek Zaribbaev, and Literatura
This is an experimental study of lung morphology in modeling sepsis on a background of severe purulentinflammatory disease of soft tissues (necrotizing fasciitis) by original authors' method. The study showed that early stages of sepsis (13 days) were characterized by manifestations of changes in lung tissue as vascular response, in the second period (the 7th day) by appearance and growth of nonobstructive microatelectases, whereas the third period (the 14th day) was characterized by progression of purulentnecrotic processes in soft tissues, development of surgical sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. These changes in morphological structure of lung tissue are specific for generalized septic process and consequences of necrotizing fasciitis with its septic complication., Yorkin Azizov, Alisher Ohunov, and Literatura
Background: There is emerging molecular evidence concerning the modification of miR expression pattern after the treatment with chemopreventive agents. We investigated whether a potential chemopreventive agent called "Procont" deriving from a biological system has a positive effect on the DMBA induced dysregulation of let7 a, miR21 and miR146a miRNAs. Materials and Methods: CBA/CA H2k inbred mice were fed by Procont for 7 days before the intraperitoneal injection of DMBA. After one week of the beginning of Procont diet we analized the let7a, miR21, miR146a gene expression in vital organs of mice. Results: The Procont feeding significantly decreased all of the investigated miRNA expression compared with either the mice on a normal diet in the control group or mice were exposed to DMBA alone. Conclusion: The results indicate that "Procont" diet has a potential chemopreventive effect in mice exposed to DMBA., Mónika Szirmai, Krisztina Juhász, András Bertha, Katalin Gombos, Katalin Gőcze, Ingrid Magda, Péter Révész, István Ember, and Literatura
The reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two combinations of oximes (HI‑6 + trimedoxime and HI‑6 + K203) was compared with the effectiveness of antidotal treatment involving single oxime (HI‑6, trimedoxime, K203) using in vivo methods. In vivo determined percentage of reactivation of cyclosarin‑inhibited blood and tissue acetylcholinesterase in poisoned rats showed that the reactivating efficacy of both combinations of oximes is slightly higher than the reactivating efficacy of the most effective individual oxime in blood, diaphragm as well as in brain. Moreover, both combinations of oximes were found to be slightly more efficacious in the reduction of acute lethal toxic effects in cyclosarin‑poisoned mice than the antidotal treatment involving single oxime. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that the antidotal treatment involving chosen combinations of oximes brings a beneficial effect for its ability to counteract the acute poisoning with cyclosarin., Jiří Kassa, Jana Zdarová Karasová, Růžena Pavlíková, Filip Caisberger, Jiří Bajgar, and Literatura 36
Introduction: We studied influence of mud-bath on bone status in male Wistar rats with subchronic arthritis. Methods: Arthritis was induced by 2 subplantar injections of Freund’s adjuvans with heat-killed Streptoccocus pyogenes into paw. Groups: intact (int) on chippings; (con) arthritis on chippings; (san38) arthritis on hot sand; (mu38) arthritis on hot mud; (mu21) arthritis on mild mud. Bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and femurs were tested biomechanically. Bone markers osteocalcin (OC), PINP and CTX were analysed in bone. Results: BMD of right femur decreased vs. left in san38 (p = 0.030) and mu38 (p = 0.047). Fracture load of right/left femur (N) decreased in experimental groups, significantly in san38 (p = 0.05). Fracture threshold of neck decreased in right vs. left in experimental groups, but significantly in san38 (p = 0.05). OC decreased in mu38 vs. con (1.84 ± 0.14/2.62 ± 0.23). PINP decreased in int vs. san38 (p = 0.005) and mu21 (p < 0.001). CTX decreased in int vs. mu38 (p = 0.006) and mu21 (p = 0.005). Conclusion: The hot bath appears indifferent in relation to osteoporosis, while cold mud-bath shows good effect on bone metabolism. The cold mud-baths help to reduce arthritic inflammation and pain and thereby lead to higher mobility with positive consequence on bone., Helena Živná, Ljiljana Maric, Iveta Gradošová, Klára Švejkovská, Soňa Hubená, Pavel Živný, and Literatura 19
Polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky (PAU) reprezentují významnou skupinu pracovních i mimopracovních kontaminant, při expozicích se vedle inhalačního příjmu významně uplatňuje i příjem transdermální. Jedním z typických představitelů skupiny PAU je námi testovaný pyren. Prezentovaná in vitro studie byla zaměřena na vliv nosného média/rozpouštědla (acetonu nebo slunečnicového oleje) na základní charakteristiky transdermálního přestupu pyrenu přes plnou kůži ušního boltce prasete. Experiment byl prováděn ve vertikální statické difuzní komůrce dle Franze. Koncentrace pyrenu v donorové fázi byla 0,00095 g pyrenu/g rozpouštědla a 0,0095 g pyrenu/g rozpouštědla. Koncentrace pyrenu ve vzorcích receptorové tekutiny byla stanovována plynověchromatografickou analýzou s hmotnostní detekcí. Při použití slunečnicového oleje jako rozpouštědla byla absorpce pyrenu v případě nižší koncentrace donorové fáze 0,04±0,06 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0,15±0,14 nmol/cm2/48 h a 0,50±0,58 nmol/cm2/72 h, hodnota flux 0,0088±0,0089 nmol/cm2/h a hodnota lag time 17,36±13,43 h. Při použití donorové fáze s vyšší koncentrací byla absorpce pyrenu 0,07±0,06 nmol/cm2/24h; 0,34±0,25 nmol/cm2/48 h a 0,63±0,35 nmol/cm2/72 h, hodnota flux 0,0119±0,0063 nmol/cm2/h a hodnota lag time 18,09±10,54 h. Při použití acetonu jako rozpouštědla byla absorpce pyrenu v případě nižší koncentrace donorové fáze 0,02±0,05 nmol/cm2/12 h; 0,19±0,22 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0,55±0,59 nmol/cm2/48 h a 1,17±1,13 nmol/cm2/72 h, hodnota flux 0,0192±0,0181 nmol/cm2/h a hodnota lag time 15,38±10,04 h. Při aplikaci donorové fáze s vyšší koncentrací byla absorpce pyrenu 0,02±0,02 nmol/cm2/12 h; 0,09±0,05 mol/cm2/24 h; 0,39±0,36 nmol/cm2/48 h a 0,91±0,81 nmol/cm2/72 h, hodnota flux 0,0150±0,0139 nmol/cm2/h a hodnota lag time 13,16±6,37 h. Absorpce pyrenu byla v obou koncentracích donorové fáze vyšší v případě použití acetonového rozpouštědla, statisticky významný byl tento rozdíl pouze u hodnot nalezených po 12 a 24 hodinách u nižší expoziční dávky a po 12 hodinách u expoziční dávky vyšší., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent an important group of work and nonoccupational contaminants. Pyrene is one of the typical representatives of PAHs. In occupational exposure the inhaled amount of pyrene may be accompanied by a considerable transdermal intake. The presented in vitro experiment was focused on the influence of carrier medium/solvent (acetone or sunflower oil) on the basic characteristics of pyrene transfer through full pig ear skin, using diffusion Franz cells. Pyrene concentration in the donor phase was 0.00095 g pyrene/g solvent and 0.0095 g pyrene/g solvent. Pyrene concentration in the receptor fluid samples was determined by GC-MS. When using sunflower oil as a solvent, the absorptions of pyrene in the case of lower donor phase concentration were 0.04±0.06 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0.15±0.14 nmol/cm2/48 h and 0.50±0.58 nmol/cm2/72 h, flux 0.0088±0.0089 nmol/cm2/h and lag time 17.36±13.43 h. When using a donor phase with higher concentration of pyrene, the absorptions were 0.07±0.06 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0.34±0.25 nmol/cm2/48 h and 0.63±0.35 nmol/cm2/72 h, flux 0.0119±0.0063 nmol/cm2/h and lag time 18.09±10.54 h. When using acetone as the solvent, the absorptions of pyrene in the case of lower donor phase concentration were 0.02±0.05 nmol/cm2/12 h; 0.19±0.22 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0.55±0.59 nmol/cm2/48 h and 1.17±1.13 nmol/cm2/72 h, flux 0.0192±0.0181 nmol/cm2/h and lag time 15.38±10.04 h. When using higher donor phase concentration, the absorptions of pyrene were 0.02±0.02 nmol/cm2/12 h; 0.09±0.05 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0.39±0.36 nmol/cm2/48 h and 0.91±0.81 nmol/cm2/72 h, flux 0.0150±0.0139 nmol/cm2/h and lag time 13.16±6.37 h. The absorption of pyrene was in both donor phase concentrations higher in the case of using acetone solvent, but a statistically significant difference was only found after 12 and 24 hours of exposure at lower doses and after 12 hours of exposure at higher doses., Lenka Kotingová, Viktor Voříšek, Lenka Borská, Eva Čermáková, Zdeněk Fiala, and Literatura 34
Jižní Morava patří dlouhodobě k oblastem s velmi vysokým výskytem komárů. Vážné problémy nastávají především v době jejich přemnožení, kdy za 1 minutu může zaútočit na člověka často i několik desítek až stovek samiček. Za kalamitní výskyt se přitom považuje situace, kdy je v intravilánu obce zaznamenáno mimo čas nejvyšší aktivity 10 a více útoků za minutu. Zcela opomíjet zde nelze ani komáry jako vektory onemocnění člověka. Na jižní Moravě bylo izolováno několik druhů virů přenášených komáry (moboviry), především virus Ťahyňa (TAHV) a virus západonilské horečky (WNV). Do poloviny minulého století se zde vyskytovala endemicky malárie. Během výzkumu, který zde probíhá od roku 1995, nalezli autoři 32 druhů komárů náležejících do 7 rodů. V rámci výzkumu byly nejčastěji chytány kalamitní (Aedes vexans, Ochlerotatus sticticus) a povodňové druhy komárů (Ae. rossicus a Ae. cinereus s. l.). V jarním období jsou značně rozšířeny Oc. cantans, Oc. annulipes a Oc. cataphylla. Velmi hojný byl rovněž Culex pipiens a Cx. modestus. Oba druhy jsou na jižní Moravě považovány za potenciální vektory WNV. Z možných přenašečů malárie (rod Anopheles) bylo zjištěno 5 druhů (An. maculipennis s. str. a An. messeae pouze na základě determinace vajíček), jejich výskyt byl však ve srovnání s výše uvedenými druhy poměrně řídký., Southern Moravia has long been an area with very high incidence of mosquitoes. Serious problems occur especially in periods of their massive outbreaks, when a person can be attacked by dozens or even hundreds of females per minute. A mosquito calamity is said to occur in a situation where 10 and more attacks per minute are recorded in a township's built-up area apart from the period of highest activity. One also must not rule out the potential here for mosquitoes to be vectors of human diseases. Several types of viruses transmitted by mosquitoes (moboviruses) have been isolated in southern Moravia, in particular the Ťahyňa virus (TAHV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Malaria occurred here endemically until the mid-20th century. Through their research here since 1995, the authors have found 32 species of mosquitoes within 7 genera. The calamity (Aedes vexans, Ochlerotatus sticticus) and floodwater mosquito species (Ae. rossicus and Ae. cinereus s. l.) were captured most frequently during the research. In the spring period, Oc. cantans, Oc. annulipes, and Oc. Cataphylla are notably widespread. Culex pipiens and Cx. modestus have been very abundant as well. Both species are considered to be potential WNV vectors in southern Moravia. Five species of possible malaria carriers (Anopheles genus) have been detected (An. maculipennis s. str. and An. messeae only on the basis of egg determination). Their occurrence has been rather sparse, however, in comparison to the aforementioned species., Oldřich Šebesta, František Rettich, Juraj Peško, and Literatura 35