AIM: The ability of two newly developed oximes (K727, K733) to reduce tabun-induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms was evaluated and compared with currently available trimedoxime in rats. METHODS: The neuroprotective effects of the oximes studied combined with atropine on Wistar rats poisoned with tabun at a lethal dose (380 µg/kg i.m.; 90% of LD50 value) were evaluated. Tabun-induced neurotoxicity was monitored by the functional observational battery consisting of 38 measurements of sensory, motor and autonomic nervous functions at 2 hours following tabun challenge. RESULTS: All tested oximes combined with atropine enable tabun-poisoned rats to survive till the end of experiment. Both newly developed oximes (K727, K733) combined with atropine were able to decrease tabun-induced neurotoxicity in the case of lethal poisoning although they did not eliminate all tabun-induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms. CONCLUSION: The ability of both novel bispyridinium oximes to decrease tabun-induced acute neurotoxicity was slightly lower than that of trimedoxime. Therefore, the newly developed oximes are not suitable for the replacement of commonly used oximes such as trimedoxime in the treatment of acute tabun poisonings. and J. Kassa, J. Hatlapatková, J. Žďárová Karasová
Large animal models to explore the safety and tolerability of novel therapeutic approaches for Huntington’s disease (HD) are in exploration to achieve higher translational reliability in future studies. Recently, a Libechov minipig has been established as one new transgenic (Tg) large animal model for HD. We here discuss the advantages and limitations in using this model in HD with regards to breeding, housing, handling, and with respect to homology to humans and ethical considerations. A group of TgHD and wild type (WT) female minipigs (n = 36) was used to gain first evidence about abovementioned aspects. It is concluded that Libechov minipigs may fulfill an important role to bridge the gap between rodents and non‑human primates in the translation to humans. and S. Schramke, R. Schubert, F. Frank, M. Wirsig, M. Fels, N. Kemper, V. Schuldenzucker, R. Reilmann
We aimed to investigate in detail the structural mutations after influence of actellic insecticide at different doses and different temperature conditions. We tested effects of single introduction of different doses of actellic: 48, 96, 192, and 384 mg/kg. Cytogenetic effect of actellic in bone marrow cells at different temperature regimens was studied. Following actellic administration, animals were being in two temperature regimes: normal (18-20°C) and high (37-38°C). After treatment with actellic, animals were kept within 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours at high temperature (37-38°C), i.e. in a thermostat (TV-80) with access of air. In experiments, the animals were divided into seven groups. The animals of the 1st group were administered actellic at a dose 384 mg/kg and kept under normal temperature until slaughtering. The animals of the 2nd group after administration of actellic were immediately placed in an environment with a temperature of 37-38°C. Animals of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th groups after treatment with actellic were transferred to conditions with high temperature, respectively, for 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours. The 7th group of mice was under normal temperature conditions without treatment with actellic. Our results have shown that in normal temperature conditions single exposure of actellic (384 mg/kg) did not affect the genetic apparatus of somatic cell, evidenced by the frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells that were within the control levels. However, at high temperatures (37-38°C) the pesticide caused 6-fold larger number of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells, in comparison with normal conditions., Anvarjon Rakhmankulovich Shermuratov, and Literatura
Bio-degradable stents are be made of different synthetic polymers (like polylactide or polyglycolide) or their co-polymers (polydioxanone). They can be used for treating benign stenoses of the small and large intestine, particularly in Crohn’s disease. Endoscopic introduction of bio-degradable stents into small and large intestinal stenoses is feasible and relatively simple. Initial results are encouraging and the complication rate is low. However, there are still some difficulties that need to be overcome. The rate of early stent migration is still rather high (up to one third of patients). This might be solved by changes in the shape or rigidity of the stents as well as by further improvement in the design. Proof of long-term efficacy and safety requires further studies., Stanislav Rejchrt, Jan Bureš, Jan Brožík, Marcela Kopáčová, and Literatura 52
Úvod a cíl studie: Huminové látky jsou vývojově velmi staré organické složky půdy, které vznikají chemickým a biologickým rozkladem hmoty rostlinného původu a syntetickou činností mikroorganismů. Přirozeně se vyskytují v sedimentech, zeminách, rašelině, hnědém uhlí a lignitu. Cílem studie bylo optimalizovat metodu absorpce exogenního cholesterolu ve střevě in vivo a zhodnotit snížení této absorpce pomocí huminových kyselin a fytosterolů. Typ studie: Experiment na zvířatech. Název a sídlo pracoviště: Klinika gerontologická a metabolická, LF UK a Fakultní nemocnice Hradec Králové; Radioizotopové laboratoře a vivárium LF UK v Hradci Králové. Materiál a metody: Modelovými zvířaty ve studii byly laboratorní myši C57B16 (5 skupin, 6 myší v každé skupině). Absorpce cholesterolu ve střevě byla stanovena metodou kapalinové scintilační spektrometrie s užitím 3H-cholesterolu. V experimentu byly testovány tyto látky: ezetimib, huminové látky (SD 01, B036fk) a fytosteroly Flory Pro.Activ. Vzorky plné krve a jaterních homogenátů byly extrahovány Abell-Kendallovou metodou. Výsledky byly porovnány pomocí software SigmaStat (Systat Software, USA). Výsledky: Byla stanovena závislost aplikované a zachycené dávky 3H-cholesterolu. Rozmezí aplikovaných dávek bylo 37,5–185 kBq a stanovené zachycené dávky byly 1–7,75 kBq. Tato závislost byla za daných podmínek lineární (y = 0,0455x – 0,7014, R2 = 0,9999). Byly nalezeny statistické významnosti pro snížení absorpce cholesterolu u skupin s ezetimibem (p = 0,013) a Florou Pro.Activ (p = 0,017) a pro zvýšení absorpce u skupiny s humáty šarže B036fk (p = 0,025). Závěr: Byla vyhodnocena účinnost látek ovlivňujících absorpci cholesterolu. Estery fytosterolů účinně snížily tuto absorpci. Huminové látky jsou schopny ovlivnit biologickou dostupnost nutrientů, především lipofi lního charakteru., Objective: Humic substances are phylogenetically old components of soil and originate from the chemical and biological decomposition of organic mass and by microorganism activity. They occur in soil, peat and lignite. The aims of study were to optimise estimation of exogenous cholesterol absorption method in gut and to evaluate cholesterol absorption by phytosterols and humic substances. Design: Experiment on animal model. Settings: Department of gerontology and metabolic care, University hospital Hradec Králové and Radio-Isotope laboratory, Charles University – Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové. Material and Methods: Female laboratory mouse C57Bl6 was a model animal chosen for the study (5 groups, six mice in each group). Cholesterol absorption in the gut was determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry with 3H-cholesterol used as a tracer. Ezetimibe, humic substances (SD01 a B036fk) and phytosterols in Flora Pro.Activ were tested in the experiment. Samples of whole blood and liver tissue were extracted by Abell-Kendall method. Results were compared by software SigmaStat (Systat, USA). Results: The relationship of applied and captured dose of 3H-cholesterol was determined. Range of applied dose was 37,5–185 kBq and captured dose was 1–7,75 kBq. This relathionship was linear (y = 0.0455x – 0.7014, R2=0.9999). Statistically signifi cant decrease in cholesterol absorption in ezetimibe group (p = 0,013) and Flora Pro.Activ group (p = 0.017) and increase in cholesterol absorption in group B036fk (p = 0,025) were found. Conclusion: The effectivity of cholesterol absorption-active substances was elucidated. Phytosterols esters reduced this absorption effectively. Humic substances have variable infl uence on the biological availability of nutrients, in particular lipophilic substances., Tichá A., Hyšpler R., Kriesfalusyová L., Ježková D., Zadák Z., and Lit.: 13
Polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky (PAU) reprezentují významnou skupinu pracovních i mimopracovních kontaminant, při expozicích se vedle inhalačního příjmu významně uplatňuje i příjem transdermální. Jedním z typických představitelů skupiny PAU je námi testovaný pyren. Prezentovaná in vitro studie byla zaměřena na vliv nosného média/rozpouštědla (acetonu nebo slunečnicového oleje) na základní charakteristiky transdermálního přestupu pyrenu přes plnou kůži ušního boltce prasete. Experiment byl prováděn ve vertikální statické difuzní komůrce dle Franze. Koncentrace pyrenu v donorové fázi byla 0,00095 g pyrenu/g rozpouštědla a 0,0095 g pyrenu/g rozpouštědla. Koncentrace pyrenu ve vzorcích receptorové tekutiny byla stanovována plynověchromatografickou analýzou s hmotnostní detekcí. Při použití slunečnicového oleje jako rozpouštědla byla absorpce pyrenu v případě nižší koncentrace donorové fáze 0,04±0,06 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0,15±0,14 nmol/cm2/48 h a 0,50±0,58 nmol/cm2/72 h, hodnota flux 0,0088±0,0089 nmol/cm2/h a hodnota lag time 17,36±13,43 h. Při použití donorové fáze s vyšší koncentrací byla absorpce pyrenu 0,07±0,06 nmol/cm2/24h; 0,34±0,25 nmol/cm2/48 h a 0,63±0,35 nmol/cm2/72 h, hodnota flux 0,0119±0,0063 nmol/cm2/h a hodnota lag time 18,09±10,54 h. Při použití acetonu jako rozpouštědla byla absorpce pyrenu v případě nižší koncentrace donorové fáze 0,02±0,05 nmol/cm2/12 h; 0,19±0,22 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0,55±0,59 nmol/cm2/48 h a 1,17±1,13 nmol/cm2/72 h, hodnota flux 0,0192±0,0181 nmol/cm2/h a hodnota lag time 15,38±10,04 h. Při aplikaci donorové fáze s vyšší koncentrací byla absorpce pyrenu 0,02±0,02 nmol/cm2/12 h; 0,09±0,05 mol/cm2/24 h; 0,39±0,36 nmol/cm2/48 h a 0,91±0,81 nmol/cm2/72 h, hodnota flux 0,0150±0,0139 nmol/cm2/h a hodnota lag time 13,16±6,37 h. Absorpce pyrenu byla v obou koncentracích donorové fáze vyšší v případě použití acetonového rozpouštědla, statisticky významný byl tento rozdíl pouze u hodnot nalezených po 12 a 24 hodinách u nižší expoziční dávky a po 12 hodinách u expoziční dávky vyšší., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent an important group of work and nonoccupational contaminants. Pyrene is one of the typical representatives of PAHs. In occupational exposure the inhaled amount of pyrene may be accompanied by a considerable transdermal intake. The presented in vitro experiment was focused on the influence of carrier medium/solvent (acetone or sunflower oil) on the basic characteristics of pyrene transfer through full pig ear skin, using diffusion Franz cells. Pyrene concentration in the donor phase was 0.00095 g pyrene/g solvent and 0.0095 g pyrene/g solvent. Pyrene concentration in the receptor fluid samples was determined by GC-MS. When using sunflower oil as a solvent, the absorptions of pyrene in the case of lower donor phase concentration were 0.04±0.06 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0.15±0.14 nmol/cm2/48 h and 0.50±0.58 nmol/cm2/72 h, flux 0.0088±0.0089 nmol/cm2/h and lag time 17.36±13.43 h. When using a donor phase with higher concentration of pyrene, the absorptions were 0.07±0.06 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0.34±0.25 nmol/cm2/48 h and 0.63±0.35 nmol/cm2/72 h, flux 0.0119±0.0063 nmol/cm2/h and lag time 18.09±10.54 h. When using acetone as the solvent, the absorptions of pyrene in the case of lower donor phase concentration were 0.02±0.05 nmol/cm2/12 h; 0.19±0.22 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0.55±0.59 nmol/cm2/48 h and 1.17±1.13 nmol/cm2/72 h, flux 0.0192±0.0181 nmol/cm2/h and lag time 15.38±10.04 h. When using higher donor phase concentration, the absorptions of pyrene were 0.02±0.02 nmol/cm2/12 h; 0.09±0.05 nmol/cm2/24 h; 0.39±0.36 nmol/cm2/48 h and 0.91±0.81 nmol/cm2/72 h, flux 0.0150±0.0139 nmol/cm2/h and lag time 13.16±6.37 h. The absorption of pyrene was in both donor phase concentrations higher in the case of using acetone solvent, but a statistically significant difference was only found after 12 and 24 hours of exposure at lower doses and after 12 hours of exposure at higher doses., Lenka Kotingová, Viktor Voříšek, Lenka Borská, Eva Čermáková, Zdeněk Fiala, and Literatura 34
Jižní Morava patří dlouhodobě k oblastem s velmi vysokým výskytem komárů. Vážné problémy nastávají především v době jejich přemnožení, kdy za 1 minutu může zaútočit na člověka často i několik desítek až stovek samiček. Za kalamitní výskyt se přitom považuje situace, kdy je v intravilánu obce zaznamenáno mimo čas nejvyšší aktivity 10 a více útoků za minutu. Zcela opomíjet zde nelze ani komáry jako vektory onemocnění člověka. Na jižní Moravě bylo izolováno několik druhů virů přenášených komáry (moboviry), především virus Ťahyňa (TAHV) a virus západonilské horečky (WNV). Do poloviny minulého století se zde vyskytovala endemicky malárie. Během výzkumu, který zde probíhá od roku 1995, nalezli autoři 32 druhů komárů náležejících do 7 rodů. V rámci výzkumu byly nejčastěji chytány kalamitní (Aedes vexans, Ochlerotatus sticticus) a povodňové druhy komárů (Ae. rossicus a Ae. cinereus s. l.). V jarním období jsou značně rozšířeny Oc. cantans, Oc. annulipes a Oc. cataphylla. Velmi hojný byl rovněž Culex pipiens a Cx. modestus. Oba druhy jsou na jižní Moravě považovány za potenciální vektory WNV. Z možných přenašečů malárie (rod Anopheles) bylo zjištěno 5 druhů (An. maculipennis s. str. a An. messeae pouze na základě determinace vajíček), jejich výskyt byl však ve srovnání s výše uvedenými druhy poměrně řídký., Southern Moravia has long been an area with very high incidence of mosquitoes. Serious problems occur especially in periods of their massive outbreaks, when a person can be attacked by dozens or even hundreds of females per minute. A mosquito calamity is said to occur in a situation where 10 and more attacks per minute are recorded in a township's built-up area apart from the period of highest activity. One also must not rule out the potential here for mosquitoes to be vectors of human diseases. Several types of viruses transmitted by mosquitoes (moboviruses) have been isolated in southern Moravia, in particular the Ťahyňa virus (TAHV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Malaria occurred here endemically until the mid-20th century. Through their research here since 1995, the authors have found 32 species of mosquitoes within 7 genera. The calamity (Aedes vexans, Ochlerotatus sticticus) and floodwater mosquito species (Ae. rossicus and Ae. cinereus s. l.) were captured most frequently during the research. In the spring period, Oc. cantans, Oc. annulipes, and Oc. Cataphylla are notably widespread. Culex pipiens and Cx. modestus have been very abundant as well. Both species are considered to be potential WNV vectors in southern Moravia. Five species of possible malaria carriers (Anopheles genus) have been detected (An. maculipennis s. str. and An. messeae only on the basis of egg determination). Their occurrence has been rather sparse, however, in comparison to the aforementioned species., Oldřich Šebesta, František Rettich, Juraj Peško, and Literatura 35