We prove that the interval topology of an Archimedean atomic lattice effect algebra E is Hausdorff whenever the set of all atoms of E is almost orthogonal. In such a case E is order continuous. If moreover E is complete then order convergence of nets of elements of E is topological and hence it coincides with convergence in the order topology and this topology is compact Hausdorff compatible with a uniformity induced by a separating function family on E corresponding to compact and cocompact elements. For block-finite Archimedean atomic lattice effect algebras the equivalence of almost orthogonality and s-compact generation is shown. As the main application we obtain a state smearing theorem for these effect algebras, as well as the continuity of ⊕-operation in the order and interval topologies on them.
Koncept sebaurčenia národov je hodný odbornej pozornosti z viacerých dôvodov. Vo svojich začiatkoch predstavoval politický cieľ, z ktorého sa postupne vyvinul jeden zo základných kameňov systému medzinárodného práva, normatívne zakotvený v Charte OSN, či ďalších dôležitých dokumentoch, napríklad v Paktoch z roku 1966.Napriek tomuto pozoruhodnému vývoju a významu zásady sebaurčenia ako pravidla s účinkom erga omnes však jej obsah a rozsah aplikácie mimo obdobie dekolonizácie ostávajú nejasné.V súčasných diskusiách o legálnosti odštiepeneckých tendencií v Európe, či už v prípade Krymu, Katalánska či Škótska, právo na sebaurčenie pôsobí nielen ako ich živná pôda, ale je používané často ako hlavný argument, o ktorý sa legalita týchto snáh opiera. Je tak zrejmé, že zásadným sa stáva hľadanie riešenia rozporu zásady sebaurčenia a zásady územnej celistvosti. Kým časť súčasnej doktríny medzinárodného práva kladie dôraz na zásadu územnej celistvosti štátu a obmedzuje preto realizáciu zásady sebaurčenia na jeho vnútornú dimenziu, tj. v rámci existujúceho štátneho útvaru, iná časť odborníkov považuje v prípade existencie zvláštnych okolností za možnú i unilaterálnu secesiu. Tento príspevok predostrie argumenty v prospech kompromisného riešenia, ktoré nepodporuje exkluzivitu či subordináciu medzi oboma kľúčovými zásadami, ale naopak požaduje a stavia na ich vzájomnej koordinácii. and The concept of self-determination is an issue worth analysis for several reasons.First, it went through a remarkable change from a political goal to one of the cornerstones of the current international legal system. Secondly, despite its current position as a binding erga omnes-rule of international
law, which is enshrined in the most important documents such the UN Charter or the human rights Covenants of 1966, its content and scope of application in the post-colonial world remain problematic. Most vivid discussions, heated up by current secessionist tendencies in Europe, concern the conflict between the principle of determination and the principle of territorial integrity.One part of the current doctrine restricts the realization of self-determination to an internal mode, which entitles people autonomy and similar arrangements. It is however the other group of writers, which in exceptional circumstances considers also the external dimension of self-determination as legal, even in the form of unilateral secession. This contribution pleads for reconciliation of the two principles by finding
solutions, which do not foster the exclusivity and/or subordination in the relationship between them, but coordination.However, taking into account the importance and broadness of the questions to which no clear answer could be found yet, self-determination will continue to constitute a challenge
in practice, as well as in the doctrine of international law.
Effect algebras are very natural logical structures as carriers of probabilities and states. They were introduced for modeling of sets of propositions, properties, questions, or events with fuzziness, uncertainty or unsharpness. Nevertheless, there are effect algebras without any state, and questions about the existence (for non-modular) are still unanswered. We show that every Archimedean atomic lattice effect algebra with at most five blocks (maximal MV-subalgebras) has at least one state, which can be obtained by "State Smearing Theorem'' from a state on its sharp elements.
Current philosophical debates about perception have largely ignored questions concerning the ontological structure of perceptual experience, so as to focus on its intentional and phenomenological character. To illustrate and put pressure on this tendency, I revisit the controversy between doxastic views of perception and Gareth Evans’s objection from over-intellectualization. I suggest that classic versions of the doxastic view are to a good extent driven by an ontological characterization of perceptual attitudes as nonfactive states or dispositions, not by a cognitively complex picture of perceptual content. Conceived along these lines, the doxastic view unveils an ontologically significant story of perceptual experience for at least two reasons: on the one hand, that characterization avoids the line of reasoning leading up to sense-datum theories of perception; and, on the other, it bears on recent discussions about the temporal structure of perceptual experience. Although I do not endorse the doxastic view, my goal is to highlight the importance of the relatively neglected ontological motivations thus driving that kind of account.