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32. Cleansing of industrial plants from collaborationists and ''Anti-Social'' elements in 1945: a political machination, retribution excess or an incubator of revolutionary morals?

Creator:
Šlouf, Jakub and Mareš, Jiří
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
historiography and Czechoslovakia
Language:
English
Description:
Using results of extensive research in central and company archives, the author studies the cleansing of industrial plants from collaborationists and so-called anti-social elements in Czechoslovakia in 1945. He describes it as a standard-setting process during which the form of a new revolutionary value system and guilt criteria in relation to the occupation past arising therefrom were negotiated and established in practice in factories and plants. Both escalated nationalism and social egalitarianism, sometimes developing into class antagonism, found their use in it. In addition to acts prosecuted under offi cial legislation, the cleansing process incorporated various minor confl icts of employees during the occupation, in particular disputes between subordinates and superiors. For this reason, mainly top-ranking white collars, human resource offi cers, rate setters, and shop foremen were removed from their positions. The articulation of guilt of the above group also worked as an absolution of others, particularly rank-and-fi le workers and white collars, atthe symbolic and psychological level. The selected guilt criteria were subsequently becoming a part of the legitimization pattern of the ongoing revolution. The study illustrates how company councils, acting through investigation commissions which, nevertheless, had to create their own legal rules as they had no position or status defi ned in offi cial legislation, were trying, since mid-May 1945, to regulate, formalize, and unify initial spontaneous actions of employees. However, the legal uncertainty in factories led to a decline of respect to superiors, deterioration of working morale, and devaluation of expertise. In mid-July 1945, organs of the Revolutionary Trade Union Movement intervened into the cleansing process, as they were interested in improving the performance of the nationalized industry. Appeal chambers were established at regional trade union councils as second-instance bodies deciding disputes submitted by industrial plants. In doing so, they were demanding a higher quality of submitted legal documents and supporting assigning the individuals affected by the cleansing to adequate working positions in the production process. In October 1945, results of the company cleansing process were incorporated, under the pressure of trade unions, into offi cial legislation under the so-called Small Retribution Decree. The resulting legal framework was thus an apparent compromise between pre-war legal conventions and moral criteria established during the May 1945 revolution. and Přeložil Jiří Mareš
Rights:
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34. Continuity and discontinuity in the history of the welfare state in Czechoslovakia (1918-1956)

Creator:
Rákosník, Jakub
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
historiography and Czechoslovak social policy
Language:
English
Description:
This article focuses on the long-term trends in the development of social policy between the First World War and the mid-1950s. The author begins by summarising the main ideas of his own previous articles and books. He emphasises the continuity and discontinuity in the general conception of Czechoslovak social policy in this period. He also considers conceptual questions, particularly those that would help to explain how the basic terms are employed in historical analysis. The article moves between the two poles of the construction of causality - structural explanation and voluntaristic explanation. The content of the article can be aptly summed up in a neat metaphor: from Bismarck by way of Beveridge to Stalin. In personifi ed form, this shortcut expresses the long-term development of Czechoslovak social policy: from an emphasis on principles of merit, characteristic of the traditional German and Austrian social insurance schemes, by way of a considerably more egalitarian national insurance from 1948 (strongly infl uenced by the British system), to the Soviet model of social security, which developed from 1951 to 1956. The article also considers important changes in social legislation in the Czechoslovak Republic in this period, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

37. Dávná mysl : současná historiografie a kognitivní věda

Creator:
Sørensen, Jesper
Format:
text/pdf
Type:
Article
Subject:
historiography, cognition, evolutionary psychology, cultural determinism, dual inheritance theory, and Study of Religions
Language:
Czech
Description:
In the last two decades, cognitive and evolutionary approaches have appeared as new and invigorating attempts to explain what religion is: how religious phenomena emerged, why they persist, and why we find recurring patterns across cultural and historical borders. When addressing such question from perspectives informed by evolutionary biology and cognitive science, a pertinent question arises: How do we reconcile these new theories, and more experimentally inclined approaches, with a more traditional historical and/or sociological study of religion? What can cognitive and evolutionary approaches teach a general science of religion? In this paper I argue that historiography must indeed take theoretical and explanatory models arising from cognitive and evolutionary approaches seriously, but that we need to conceptualize not only the relation between distinct explanatory levels, but also the constraints imposed by the scope of particular scholarly endeavors.
Rights:
unknown

38. Debates on Czechoslovakism and Czechoslovaks at the end of the federation,1989-1992

Creator:
Zahradníček, Tomáš, Jonášová, Tereza, and Geaney, Kathleen
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
historiography and Czech-Slovak relations
Language:
English
Description:
This article focuses on the early post-1989 period when the ''Slovak question'' returned with full force to the gradually democratizing political arena and surprised Czech society and its budding political elite, who were both unprepared to address the question. The author reveals the imbalance of ''Czechoslovakism'' - its story and historical lesson - between the two sides of the once united country. In Slovakia, Czechoslovakism was ''part of the living language of politics and journalism of the Slovak experience,'' whilst in Czech society, its reception was lukewarm and superfi cial. Thanks to his insight into federal and republican politics in the early days of democratic revival, the author presents his readers with a fascinating breakdown of the factual-historic presence of Czechoslovakism at a time when its word-historical presence was minimal. He analyzes how Slovakia stepped into democracy by exercising its national sovereignty in federal structures and played as active a role as ever in Czech-Slovak relations. Meanwhile, the Czech side remained merely reactive. In contrast to the Slovak scene, Czechs were engaged in a ''politics of returns,'' buttressed by a resolutely idealized image of the First Republic and a renewed spirit of ''Czechoslovakness,'' which was deceptively refreshing for Czech society. These were two political worlds, able to fi nd a common denominator only with great effort. The author explains that Czech politics were de facto forced - by the Slovaks, who were developing federal principles and creating policies for national sovereignty - into lackluster policy-making of their own national sovereignty. Even so, these forced politics had their advocates, such as national-socialist politicians in the Czech National Council at that time. and Překlad Tereza Jonášová a Kathleen Geaney
Rights:
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39. Dějiny a rozpad Jugoslávie jako předmět historických sporů

Creator:
Ondřej Vojtěchovský
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
dějiny, historiografie, history, historiography, Jugoslávie, Yugoslavia, 8, and 93/94
Language:
Czech
Description:
Autor využívá recenze knihy srbských historiků Mileho Bjelajace a Gordany Krivokapić-Jovičové Příspěvky k odborné kritice: Srbská historiografie a svět. Vliv jugoslávské krize na zahraniční a domácí historiografii k obecnějšímu zamyšlení nad stavem srbské a postjugoslávské historiografie ve světovém kontextu bádání o nejnovějších dějinách jihoslovanských zemí. Autorská dvojice podle něj zastupuje ten proud v srbském dějepisectví, který se dokázal vymanit z omezení národními dějinami, pozitivistické faktografie a nacionálních stereotypů a patří ve své zemi k úplné špičce. Tematické okruhy jejich knihy tvoří stěžejní problémy srbských a jihoslovanských moderních dějin, jako je vznik, existence a příčiny ztroskotání projektu společného jugoslávského státu. Na nich recenzent ukazuje vývojové trendy národních historiografií bývalé Jugoslávie od státní ideologie jugoslávské jednoty a bratrství přes „novou ortodoxii“ antikomunismu a antijugoslávství po rozpadu společného státu a novou politickou instrumentalizaci za balkánských válek až po současnou pluraliazaci přístupů a otevírání horizontů., In his review of this work, whose title translates as ‘Serbian Historiography and the World: The Influence that the Yugoslav Crisis Has Had on Historiography at Home and Abroad. Contributions to Specialist Criticism’, the reviewer offers more general considerations of the state of Serbian and post-Yugoslav historiography in the international context of research on the contemporary history of the South Slav countries. The two authors of the book, Mile Bjelajac and Gordana Krivokapić-Jović, represent, according to the reviewer, a trend in Serbian historiography, which has been able to free itself from the limitations of national history, positivist assimilation of mere facts, and national stereotypes; they are, in short, among the best historians in their country. The range of topics discussed in this volume cover the key problems of modern Serbian and Yugoslav history, such as the origin, existence, and causes of the demise of the shared state of the South Slavs. The reviewer uses these topic areas to show the trends in the development of the national historiographies of the former Yugoslavia, from the state ideology of Yugoslav unity and brotherhood to the ‘new orthodoxy’ of anti-Communism and anti-Yugoslavism, to the break-up of the shared state and the new instrumentalization of politics during the Yugoslav Wars, to the current pluralization of approaches and the opening up of new horizons., [autor recenze] Ondřej Vojtěchovský., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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40. Dějiny obětí: k historiografii a politice identity českých židů

Creator:
Vít Strobach
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
20. století, historiografie, dějiny Židů, národní identita, antisemitismus, historiography, history of the Jews, national identity, antisemitism, 8, and 93/94
Language:
Czech
Description:
a1_Po roce 1989 došlo ke změně v normativních vyjádřeních o společenském konfliktu ve východní Evropě. Paradigma společenských věd včetně historiografie se rovněž změnilo. Bráno s rezervou, lze tuto změnu nazvat ''obratem k identitě''. Obsah pojmu ''identita'' byl inspirován dějinami, avšak měnil se do aktuálních podob. Stať analyzuje třecí plochy, na nichž docházelo ke kontaktu většinového českého prostředí s kulturní identitou, historickou pamětí a historiografickou sebereflexí českých židů po roce 1989 (do roku 2012). Cílem pojednání je analyzovat základní strukturu vyjádření o židovských dějinách v daném lokálním a časovém rámci a zjistit, jakou roli v nich hraje narativ obětí. Autor dovozuje hypotézu o nezanedbatelném vlivu ''plačtivého pojetí židovských dějin'' v polistopadové české historiografii. Rozlišuje přitom mezi třemi paradigmatickými schématy, která pak vymezuje a vyhodnocuje na základě jejich funkcí: metodologický nacionalismus, metodologický totalitarismus a metodologický kulturalismus. Dále popisuje, v jakých konstelacích se vyskytují, a to jak ve vědě, tak ve veřejné diskusi, zvláště pokud ovlivňují politiku identity českých židů. Zároveň se snaží ukázat, proč daná schémata znesnadňují chápání moderních dějin českých židů., a2_Dějiny židů podle mínění autora zabředly do výkladu založeného výhradně na tezi o ''věčném antisemitismu'' a jeho obětech. Slouží tak jako dobrý příklad dějin, respektive paměti, tvořících neodmyslitelnou součást ideologie. Jako takové fungují v celistvém prostoru vědy a politiky a vytvářejí etnocentrickou identitu židovského národa. To vede ke schematizujícímu rozdělení společenských vztahů na konfliktní národní i kulturní (rasové) tábory, které jako by existovaly od nepaměti a "přirozeně", k postupné izolaci židovské komunity a jejímu vymezování vůči ostatním skupinám. O tom může svědčit nejen vztah českých židů vůči Arabům (muslimům), ale rovněž prosazování diskurzu o bezpečnosti v jejich politice identity i v oblastech tak specifických, jako je architektura a sociální péče., a1_After the Changes of 1989 a change also took place in normative points of articulation of social conflict in eastern Europe. The paradigm of the social sciences, including historiography, changed as well. It is on the whole fair to call this the ''identity turn''. The meaning of the term ''identity'' was inspired by history but changed into up-to-date forms. The article analyses points of friction where contact took place between majority Czech society and cultural identity, historical memory, and historiographical self-reflections of Czech Jews after the Changes of 1989 to 2012. In this article, the author seeks to analyse the basic structure of statements about Jewish history in the Bohemian Lands in this period, and to determine what role the narrative of the victim plays in them. The author presents his hypothesis of the considerable influence of the "lachrymose conception of Jewish history" in Czech historiography after the Changes of 1989. In this, he distinguishes between three paradigms, which he then further defines and assesses according to their functions: methodological nationalism, methodological totalitarianism, and methodological culturalism. He then identifies the constellations in which they appear both in academic and in public discources, especially those influencing the politics of identity of the Czech Jews. At the same time, he seeks to explain why the schemes make it difficult to understand the modern history of the Jews of the Bohemian Lands., a2_The history of the Jews, according to the author, became locked in an interpretation based solely on the idea of ''eternal antisemitism and its victims''. This is therefore a good example of history/memory as an inherent component of ideology. As such, it has been operating in the undifferentiated space between scholarship and politics, and has been constructing the ethnocentric identity of the Jewish nation. This has led to a schematizing division of social relationships into adverse national and cultural (racial) camps, which have seemed to exist ''since time immemorial'' and ''naturally'', and to the gradual seclusion of the Jewish community and its defining itself or being defined against other groups. This is evident not only in the approach of Czech Jews towards the Arabs (Muslims) but also in the assertion of the security discourse in their politics of identity in fields as specialized as architecture and social care., Vít Strobach., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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