In the past decade, utilization of nanostructured materials has increased intensively in a wide range of applications. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), for instance, can be applied for the inactivation of various pathogens through photo-induced generation of reactive oxygen species. Although TiO2 NPs with high antimicrobial activity are of great importance, in practice, their phytotoxic effects have not yet been fully clarified. In this study, we investigated the potential phytotoxicity of TiO2 NPs on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) under field conditions. After foliar exposure, two particularly stress-sensitive parameters, photosynthetic function and the flavonol profile, were examined. Micro- and macroelement composition of the leaves was also studied by ICP-AES measurements. We found that TiO2 NPs significantly decreased the net CO2 assimilation and increased stomatal conductance, indicating metabolic (nonstomatal) inhibition of the photosynthesis. The lower electron transport rate and lower nonphotochemical quenching in treated leaves are indicative of diminished photoprotective processes., P. Teszlák, M. Kocsis, A. Scarpellini, G. Jakab, L. Kőrösi., and Obsahuje bibliografii
One of the most important sites in terms of view of archaeobotanical grape pip occurrence is Mikulčice. Grape pips have been found there in large quantities and in different settlement contexts so it can be assumed that grape cultivation was an integral component of the inhabitants’ subsistence strategy. This site is key to answering the question of the occurrence of wild grapevine varieties in the riparian forests in Moravia. The material from Mikulčice has been subjected to a series of statistical analyses intended to ascertain the morphology of the grape pips and the cultural background of the viticultural tradition in Mikulčice.
Pískovcové sochy čtyř ročních dob: na severní straně sedí polonahá Venuše s Amorem (Jaro), na severním pilíři brány stojí Léto (koruna z květin) s kozlem, na jižním pilíři brány stojí Bakchus/ Podzim (koruna z vinné révy, kterou má také omotanou okolo těla), na jihu sedí Zima., Horyna 1997#., Kořán 1999#, 108., and Brána je na konci zahrady, v ose zámku, sochy jsou obrácené směrem k zámku.
Using measures of gas exchange and photosynthetic chain activity, we found some differences between grapevine inflorescence and leaf in terms of photosynthetic activity and photosynthesis regulations. Generally, the leaf showed the higher net photosynthesis (PN) and lower dark respiration than that of the inflorescence until the beginning of the flowering process. The lower (and negative) PN indicated prevailing respiration over photosynthesis and could result from a higher metabolic activity rather than from a lower activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. Considerable differences were observed between both organs in the functioning and regulation of PSI and PSII. Indeed, in our conditions, the quantum yield efficiency and electron transport rate of PSI and PSII were higher in the inflorescence compared to that of the leaf; nevertheless, protective regulatory mechanisms of the photosynthetic chain were clearly more efficient in the leaf. This was in accordance with the major function of this organ in grapevine, but it highlighted also that inflorescence seems to be implied in the whole carbon balance of plant. During inflorescence development, the global PSII activity decreased and PSI regulation tended to be similar to the leaf, where photosynthetic activity and regulations remained more stable. Finally, during flowering, cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI was activated in parallel to the decline in the thylakoid linear electron flow. Inflorescence CEF was double compared to the leaf; it might contribute to photoprotection, could promote ATP synthesis and the recovery of PSII., M. Sawicki, B. Courteaux, F. Rabenoelina, F. Baillieul, C. Clement, E. Ait Barka, C. Jacquard, N. Vaillant-Gaveau., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In order to investigate the photoprotective function of photorespiration in grapevine under water stress, potted grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were randomly divided into three uniform groups for well-watered [watered every morning to keep the relative water content (RWC) of soil over 70 %], water-stress adapted (drought-adapted at 30 % relative soil water content for 30 days), and water stress without adaptation treatment (water-stressed to 30 % relative soil water content for 3 days). Net assimilation rate (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII), and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) were recorded by combining measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. Gross photorespiration (Pr), photosynthetic electron partitioning (JC/JT), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were also calculated. The ratio of net assimilation rate to transpiration rate (AN/E) was used as an indicator of water use efficiency (WUE). AN, apparent Pr, ΦPSII, Fv/Fm, qp, and gs decreased, NPQ increased, and gross Pr sustained at a high level under water stress. This suggests that both photorespiration and energy dissipation play important roles in protecting photosynthetic apparatus against photoinhibition. Ci in water-stressed plants without adaptation treatment increased, which indicates the leaves suffered a non-stomatal limitation, while the water-stress adaped plants only suffered a stomatal limitation indicated by low Ci. and X. Guan, S. Gu.
Pískovcová socha nahého Bakcha (věnec z vinných listů), hrozen vína v ruce, vedle vinná réva. Na soklu putti s oslem., Vlček 1999#, 471-475., and Socha tvoří protějšek k Ceres, sochy byly chápány jako fragment souboru symbolu Čtyř ročních dob (Poche 1955, 71), ale v vzhledem k absenci dalších nik v této části zahrady je nutné je chápat jako samostatný celek. Lze uvažovat o tom, zda nesouvisejí spíše s nástropní malbou, která zobrazuje Venuši objímající Adonida. Trojice Ceres, Bakchus a Venuše se v barokním umění objevuje často jako ilustrace rčení ze Terentiovy hry Kleštěnec: "Venuše mrzne bez Bakccha a Ceres (pití a jídla)."
[Mědirytina (175 x 135 mm). Bakchická scéna. V popředí dvojice nahých postav - mladý bezvousý Bakchus a vousatý Satyr (špičaté uši), který má levou ruku na Bakchově rameni. Satyr má na pravém rameni přehozenou drapérii, v levé ruce hrozen vína. Bakchus drží levou rukou stonek vinné révy s hrozny, který vyrůstá z dřevěného květináče ve tvaru barelu (u jeho nohy leží miska na víno. Vedle Satyra dřevěný květináč pravoúhlého tvaru, z něho vyrůstá strom, na květináči spočívají dvě hlavy (žena a muž).], Zlatohlávek 1997#, 45, č. 18., and V NG od roku 1958 (z grafické sbírky založené roku 1883 při obrazárně v Rudolfinu). Rytina podle Raffaela nebo G. Romana.
Příspěvek shrnuje výsledky analýz environmentálních dat z lokality Ledčice a hodnotí jejich přínos k poznání této památky v souvislosti s výsledky terénního výzkumu. Z hlediska archeobotaniky lze za nejvýznamnější označit nález révy vinné, známé zatím jen z malého počtu raně středověkých nalezišť spjatých se sídly společenské elity. Osteologický materiál je zastoupen pouze nálezy domácích kopytníků (tur, prase, ovce/koza, kůň). Kromě druhového složení byly hodnoceny i tafonomické charakteristiky souboru. and The work summarizes the results of analyses of environmental data from the Ledčice site and evaluates their contribution to our understanding of this monument in connection with the results of terrain excavations. Most significant from an archaeobotanical perspective is the find of grapevine, of which only a small number have heretofore been found at early medieval sites associated with the social elite. Osteological material is represented only by finds of domesticated ungulates (cattle, pig, sheep/goat, horse). Analyzed in addition to the species composition were the taphonomic characteristics of the assemblage.
1_The ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas 1773) has been used for biological control in several countries. However, it became invasive in some of those countries. Coccinella septempunctata (Linné 1758) is a native species in Europe. It feeds mainly on aphids and can be very abundant. As far as is known there are no effective natural enemies of the grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch 1855) in Europe. The potential of the above two ladybird species for reducing the abundance of the grapevine pest D. vitifoliae has not been previously investigated. In this study, the consumption and developmental parameters of H. axyridis and C. septempunctata fed on D. vitifoliae were determined in the laboratory. In a field trial, the occurrence of H. axyridis on grapevines with or without leaf galls of D. vitifoliae was compared. In contrast to C. septempunctata, H. axyridis was able to complete its development using D. vitifoliae as a source of food. In addition, adult H. axyridis consumed significantly more D. vitifoliae eggs than C. septempunctata. Within 24 h H. axyridis consumed up to 1400 eggs of D. vitifoliae. However, based on the fitness parameters "developmental time", percentage "survival" and "adult weight", this diet was less suitable for H. axyridis than the eggs of Ephestia kuehniella., 2_During field observations over a period of two years H. axyridis was repeatedly observed feeding on grape phylloxera leaf galls, which indicates that H. axyridis uses grape phylloxera as prey. H. axyridis was significantly more abundant on leaves with leaf galls of D. vitifoliae than on leaves without galls. C. septempunctata was rarely found on grape leaves with or without leaf galls. These results indicate that overall H. axyridis, unlike C. septempunctata, is a predator of D. vitifoliae and could potentially reduce grape phylloxera numbers in vineyards., Susanne Kögel, Manuela Schieler, Christoph Hoffmann., and Obsahuje seznam literatury