This study presents the recommended documentation methodology in archaeological practice, heritage conservation and other fields relating to historical and cultural heritage. It tests various methods of digital documentation, in terms of their accuracy, time required, technology operator requirements, etc. It formulates rules for the creation of 3D models using multi-image photogrammetry, as the most effective method of digital documentation in archaeological practice. It presents a series of criteria to compare this method with other digital documentation procedures used in archaeological situations, at heritage sites and on artefacts. The recommended methodology was developed based on experience from research at the Great Moravian hillfort of Mikulčice-Valy and has been verified at a number of other sites.
One of the most important sites in terms of view of archaeobotanical grape pip occurrence is Mikulčice. Grape pips have been found there in large quantities and in different settlement contexts so it can be assumed that grape cultivation was an integral component of the inhabitants’ subsistence strategy. This site is key to answering the question of the occurrence of wild grapevine varieties in the riparian forests in Moravia. The material from Mikulčice has been subjected to a series of statistical analyses intended to ascertain the morphology of the grape pips and the cultural background of the viticultural tradition in Mikulčice.
Sídelní komplex Mikulčice – Kopčany patří z hlediska dobového významu i možností dnešního výzkumu k nejvýznamnějším centrům Velké Moravy. Výsledky padesátiletého výzkumu představují obrovský a nesmírně hodnotný pramenný fond. Dnešní snaha o jeho systematické zpracování naráží zejména na rozdílnou kvalitu terénních prací během uzavřené etapy výzkumu 1954–1992. Článek shrnuje stav sídelně-archeologické problematiky a metodické problémy výzkumu. and The settlement complex at Mikulčice and Kopčany is, from the point of view of period importance and the opportunities afforded by current research, among the most important of the Great Moravian centres. The results of the 50-year long investigation represent an enormous and incomparably valuable finds resource. Today’s attempt at its systematic processing must deal in particular with the differing quality of fieldwork undertaken between 1954 and 1992. This article summarises the status of settlement archaeological problem areas, and the methodological problems of the research.
The article summarizes the current state of knowledge of bridges and river channels in the 9th century Mikulčice. It defines the basic themes of a new project, which is expected to synthesize unique large-scale excavations of filled -up river channels in Mikulčice. The excavations took place between 1966 and 1984 and yielded wooden structures and artefacts — uncommon for this region. The main focus of this article is the structural features and dating of three archaeologically documented wooden bridges. Two of the structural designs are specific to the local water features. Bridge designs include classical river structures used by Celts and Romans, as well as a design similar to lake bridges known from regions settled by north-western Slays. The most well preserved bridge (No. 1) allows dendrochronolo gical dating and detailed reconstruction. Many questions remain unanswered regarding bridges, archaeological and palaeoecological reconstructions offilled-up oxbows., Lumír Poláček., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Článek předkládá RFA analýzy ryzosti zlatých šperků z pěti významných raně středověkých lokalit z Čech (9.–10. stol.), považovaných za importy z Moravy, a srovnávací soubor náušnic, gombíků/knoflíků a ozdob s gemmami z Mikulčic, tedy centrální lokality na Moravě. Analýzy potvrdily velkou ryzost zlata užívaného na Moravě, podpořily interpretaci kování – relikviáře – s perlami z Mikulčic jako importu; v případě nálezů z Čech jejich složení podporuje moravský původ, u medailonu ze Želének je po analýze zřejmé, že řetěz vznikl nezávisle na medailonu a byl na něj použit kov menší ryzosti. Identické složení čtyř šperků ze dvou lokalit (Želénky – náušnice, Stará Kouřim – perly) může ukazovat na společný původ v jedné moravské dílně. and This article presents X–ray fluorescence analyses of the purity of gold jewellery from five important Early Medieval sites in Bohemia (9th–10th century) regarded as imports from Moravia, and of a comparative assemblage of earrings, spherical gombík buttons and gem–studded jewellery from Mikulčice, i.e. from a central site in Moravia. The analyses confirmed the high purity of the gold used in Moravia, and supported the interpretation of metalwork (a reliquary) with pearls from Mikulčice as an import. The composition of the finds from Bohemia supports a Moravian origin for them; in the case of a medallion from Želénky it is clear after analysis that chain originated separately, and that less pure metal was used in its making. The identical composition of of four jewels found at two sites (Želénky – earrings, Stará Kouřim – beads) may indicate their common origin in a single Moravian workshop.
The author presents a revised interpretation of the area of the NE gateway of the acropolis of the Great Moravian power centre Mikulčice-Valy and the adjacent fortification. The work is a response to a previously published picture of the overall find situation of this area (by B. Kavánová 2003), which, according to the author, does not match the infor mation available in the original documentation. The interpretation procedures clearly presented in the aforementioned monograph cannot be substantiated due to inadequate field work methods, the extent of the documentation compiled and the way in which this documentation is selected and designed This work also provides a critique of the interpre tation of the stratigraphic situation and the dating means and methods used. According to this revised interpretation, it is not possible to concur regarding the relevance of the evidence on which B. Kaváinová bases her hypothesis that there was more than one phase to the rampart. Due to this unsubstantiated interpretation, the chronology given for other settlement structures therefore lacks credibility. The text also includes a reconstruction of the passage through the fortification when the aforementioned gate was in use., Marian Mazuch., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The paper’s primary objective is to discuss the arrangements of grave pits at the Early Medieval agglomeration Mikulčice-Valy. They include steps, wooden structures, stone structures and special arrangements. The established facts about the form, frequency, etc., are then compared with the situation at other central fortified settlements in Great Moravia (Pohansko near Břeclav and Staré Město – Uherské Hradiště). The second objective of the book is to critically evaluate the phenomenon of so-called “tombs” at the burial site near the 3rd church on the acropolis of the Mikulčice fortified settlement. Since the introduction of this term in archaeological literature by J. Poulík in 1967, these find units have never been comprehensively presented and their interpretation as tombs with stone structures has not been adequately documented or backed by arguments. The paper is based on the original documentation of the research in 1956–1957; these find units are reinterpreted using analysis and comparison of the burial rite attributes of the graves. Based on the analysis of the find situation, the authors do not consider the term “tomb” as relevant at the Mikulčice agglomeration.
Archeologickým výzkumem v poloze Žabník, vzdálené 500 m na JZ od obvodového valu centrální části velkomoravského hradiště v Mikulčicích, byly v r. 1968 a 1976 zachyceny pozůstatky raně středověkého pohřebiště a sídliště. Podle vertikální stratigrafie bylo pohřebiště dvoufázové a sídliště jednofázové. Rámcové datování do 9.–10. stol. vyplývá z charakteru hrobových a sídlištních nálezů, přičemž významnou roli hraje keramika. Zatímco hrobové nádoby vykazují znaky velkomoravské produkce, sídlištní keramika představuje typologicky pokročilejší zboží povelkomoravského charakteru. Navíc sídlištní keramiku reprezentuje výrazný keramicky typ se specifickými morfologickými i technologickými znaky, který v rámci mikulčické sídelní aglomerace nebyl dosud ve výraznějším zastoupení zaznamenán – byl proto pracovně označen jako keramika „typu Žabník“. and In the years 1968 and 1976, the archaeological excavations at the site of Žabník, situated app. 500 m to the south of the perimeter wall of the central part of the Great Moravian castle of Mikulčice, revealed remains of an early medieval burial ground and settlement. According to vertical stratigraphy, the burial ground consisted of two phases and the settlement of just one. The approximate dating to 9th-10th century results from the nature of the grave and settlement finds. An important role is played by pottery. While the grave vessels bear witness of Great Moravian provenience, the settlement pottery is represented by typologically more advanced products of post-Great Moravian nature. Moreover, the settlement pottery represents a distinctive ceramic type with specific morphological and technological features that has not yet been documented within the Mikulčice agglomeration in a more numerous representation – that is why it has been preliminarily designated as the Žabník pottery type.