The paper focuses on the social situation and social practices of female care migrants (at the age of 50 and above) from the South Moravia (the region of Mikulov, Břeclav) who migrate for work to Austria as domestic workers-caregivers for seniors at regular intervals (circular migration). The main aim of the text is to argue that translocal female migrants paradoxically perceive their labour migration as a specific form of emancipation, despite the fact that they work in the so-called live-in-service jobs (where they live and work in private households) and often experience indignity. While in Austria they work in gendered and very demanding jobs with low wages, circular care migration provides them with the possibility to extend their gender power in the transforming Czech society. There is thus a paradox in that while they are marginalized in Austria, they are empowered on the Czech side of the border. This is achieved through paid reproductive work and better access to income, which leads to personal consumption based on their own interests and overall personal benefit. Special attention is paid to new forms of translocal care chains and new forms of these women’s partner cohabitation (living apart together).
V dospívání vrcholí proces budování genderové identity, jejímž důležitým aspektem je představa vlastní budoucnosti, tj. jaký bude (respektive by měl být) můj život jako ženy nebo muže. Tuto představu si dospívající vytvářejí v konfrontaci s požadavky genderových rolí, jejichž vliv si však často neuvědomují a naopak považují představu svého budoucího života za zcela osobní volbu. Tím roste síla genderových stereotypů, kterými mohou být dospívající dívky a chlapci ovlivňováni. Článek se zabývá shodami a rozdíly v dívčích a chlapeckých představách o jejich dospělém životě. Vychází z analýzy 98 popisů běžného dne v dospělosti, které sepsali adolescenční žáci a žákyně. Každý popis běžného dne měl dvě části - představa vlastní budoucnosti a představa budoucnosti v případě, že by daný člověk byl opačného pohlaví. Žákovské představy dokládají, jak odlišně dívky a chlapci přemýšlejí o své budoucnosti v závislosti na tom, zda jsou ženami či muži, což koresponduje s četnými psychologickými teoriemi vývoje genderové identity a s teoriemi genderového řádu. and The development of the gender identity culminates in adolescence. One of its important aspects is the image of one's own future: as a woman or a man, what is my life going to (or should) be like? The adolescents construct such ideas in confrontation with the requirements of gender roles they are often unaware of. Also, on the contrary, they consider their ideas about the future to be entirely a question of their own choice. This strengthens the influence of gender stereotypes on adolescent girls and boys. The article discusses similarities and differences between girls' and boys' ideas about their adult life. It is based on an analysis of 98 descriptions of everyday routines in adulthood as written by adolescent pupils. Each description consisted of two parts: the idea of one's own future and the idea of the future if you were of the opposite sex. The descriptions show how differently girls and boys think about their prospects and how their ideas are influenced by their identification with gender categories. This corresponds with numerous psychological theories of gender identity development and the theories of gender order.
The paper relects on the gender speciic nature of private and public spheres as discussed in feminist discourses in European and American contexts. Its aim is to explore the potential of the concepts of public and private in analysing the issue of reconciliation of work and family, connected with women’ presence in the public sphere, with the hierarchy between the public and private and with the gender power asymmetry. he public and private as analytical constructs are helpful in moving beyond the individual level and understanding the social-political structure and historical context. These categories characterize diferent value systems with a hierarchical relation connected with the construction of ‘two genders’ and gendered division of work. he paper also focuses on the concept of women’s emancipation, its justiication and understanding of equality, and concrete changes in women’s life. Women’s experience of their ‘double existence’ in the public and private life is thematized as a question of reconciliation of work and family with some period particularities. Diferences in forming men’s and women’s identiies during modernity depending on their experience in the two diferent worlds are shown as relevant., Zuzana Kiczková., Poznámky na s. 23, Obsahuje bibliografii, and Abstrakt anglicky
The aim of this paper is to discuss theoretical approaches of gender role studies in the context of immigration. In the first part of this paper are defined three interrelated aspects of an immigrant's social experience: representation of culture; social location and marginality; idealized cultural identities. The main part of this paper focuses on a minority group of Indian immigrants in the USA. A few Indian mythological stories (The myth of Ekalaivya, The story of Pativirda and Pattini) help us to understand the specifics of Indian culture (the social class differences and the cast system). The second part of this paper focuses on the gender role of Indian men and women in the context of immigration. Some authors propose an intersectionality perspective for the study of gender, which argues for the need to study gender in relation to race, ethnicity, social class and sexual orientation. The last part of this paper describes the results of R. Mahalingam's research of gender roles of second-generation Indian women. Finally, some of the results of R. Mahalingam's research are compared to the results with similar methodological framework which was done in the Czech Republic in 2004.
The paper shows affinity between cyberfeminism and thinking of J. Butler. The first part sums up Butler's texts. The identity is an effect of a repetition of subjectivation practices transmitted by the society. The materiality of the body and the structure of the mind are not conditions but consequences of culture, which are retrospectively naturalized. It's not possible to resist the power from a position of an autonomous subject because subject itself is a product of knowledge-power. The only possible subversion acts from within the power network showing the relativity of the subjectivation practices by means of irony and parody. Cyberfeminism is not a unified paradigm but a network of activities in art, culture, theory and technology. The differences between nature, culture and technology are disappearing today. Animals, humans and machines are melting together to cyborgs - computer-humans. The cyborg-metaphore is an ironic political myth, subverting the foundations of modernity. The obvious artificial and floating identity of a cyborg is (similar to Butler's theory) produced by inscriptions of culture-science-technology showing the relativity of ''natural essence'' and ''autonomous subject''.
The subject of analysis in this paper is the perception of woman in several travelogues of European travel writers from the 15thto the early 19thcentury. In their remarks about the population of the early modern travelogues, during the voyages through the Balkan land and sea routes to the Orient, considerable curiosity for women they encountered, in either public places or in private, was recorded by travel writers. Relatively brief accounts of woman from the first travelogues were extended in the travel writings of the 17th century. Then, they turned into more extensive comments about her position in the community in the 18th century, primarily in the Enlightenment travelogues, some kind of ethnographic record, but also in a kind of adventure reading, as well as in hybrid forms. The focalisation of woman is regularly masculine: the construct of the woman of others is part of the dominant social discourse of the writer's culture. and Predmet analize u članku je predodžba žene u nekoliko putopisa europskih putopisaca od 15. do početka 19. stoljeća. U opaskama o stanovništvu u putopisima ranoga novovjekovlja, s putovanja balkanskim kopnenim i morskim rutama prema Orijentu, zabilježena je nemala znatiželja putopisaca za žene koje na putu susreću u javnom prostoru i u privatnosti. Relativno kratak opseg opisa žene iz prvih putopisa proširit će se u putopisima u 17. stoljeću. Potom, prerast će u opširnije komentare njezina položaja u zajednici u 18. stoljeću, u prvom redu u prosvjetiteljskim putopisima, svojevrsnim etnografskim zapisima,ali i u vrsti putopisnog avanturističkog štiva, kao i u hibridnim vrstama. Redovito je fokalizacija žene maskulina: konstrukt identiteta žene drugih dio je vladajućeg društvenog diskurza putopiščeve kulture.