This study explores the significance of the Taiwanese aboriginal territories that Japanese political and military leaders founded in the early 1870s. In April 1874, Meiji Japan dispatched expeditionary forces to the aboriginal territories on the basis of two cases of atrocities that the aboriginal people had committed against their “subjects” several years earlier and their claim that part of the island of Taiwan was terra nullius. By focusing on the discourse between the leaders during the years just before the expedition’s launch, this article argues that the first overseas military campaign was not motivated by a single issue on the part of the new imperial regime, but by a combination of several domestic and external concerns. These issues, which drove them into the expedition against the Taiwanese aborigines, were all linked by a single thread; namely, their concern with regard to national security. In this sense, from the Japanese perspective, the Japanese viewed the aboriginal territories as the stage upon which national survival could be secured in the late 19th century’s international environment, one in which the West enjoyed predominance.
A new species of caligid copepod (Siphonostomatoida), Anuretes grandis sp. п., parasitic on the painted sweetlips [Diagrammapictum (Thunberg)] in Taiwan is described. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by having: (1) free margin of céphalothorax not covering fourth pediger, (2) large genital complex longer than 2/3 of the cephalic shield, (3) no maxillary whip, (4) leg 3 with 9 setae on the terminal segment of exopod and 8 plumose setae on the terminal segment of endopod, and (5) armature of I,III on leg 4 exopod. Genus Anuretes Heller, 1865 is reviewed and redefined. Based on the new diagnosis three species (A. chelatus Prahha et Pillai, A. fedderni Price and A. parvulus Wilson) were transferred to Pseudanureles, and two species (A.furcatus Capart and A. renalis Ileegaard) were transferred to Lepeophtheirus. In addition, the following three species of caligids were transferred to Anuretes: Lepeophtheirus fallolunulus Lewis, Heniochophilus indicus Pillai, and Lepeophtheirus rotundigenitalis Prabha et Pillai. The latter is renamed Anuretes occullus nom. n. due to the homonym encountered through this transfer. “Anuretes plectorhynchi Yamaguti” reported by Prabha and Pillai (1986) is renamed Anuretes similis sp. n. and Anuretes yamagutii Prabha et Pillai is relegated to the synonym of Anuretes anomalus Pillai. A key to the 18 species of Anuretes is provided.
Issues of regionalism and imperialism and their various confrontations significantly defined the mindset of Ide Kaoru (1879-1944) and some of his contemporary Japanese colonial architects. With his long-term service in the colonial government and having spent most of his adult life spent in Taiwan, Ide cultivated particular compassion towards this island, its cultural traditions and natural environment. This paper examines the origins and evolution of Ide´s nascent regionalist perspective and regional identity. His extensive writings on architecture and building projects featured a transient trajectory shaped by personal aesthetic inspiration practical needs, and imperial motivations within a larger pressing context.
All else being equal, more isolated islands should be more susceptible to invasion because their native species are derived from a smaller pool of colonists, and isolated islands may be missing key functional groups. Although some analyses seem to support this hypothesis, previous studies have not taken into account differences in the number of plant introductions made to different islands, which will affect invasibility estimates. Furthermore, previous studies have not assessed invasibility in terms of the rates at which introduced plant species attain different degrees invasion or naturalization. I compared the naturalization status of introduced plants on two pairs of Pacific island groups that are similar in most respects but that differ in their distances from a mainland. Then, to factor out differences in propagule pressure due to differing numbers of introductions, I compared the naturalization status only among shared introductions. In the first comparison, Hawai‘i (3700 km from a mainland) had three times more casual/weakly naturalized, naturalized and pest species than Taiwan (160 km from a mainland); however, roughly half (54%) of this difference can be attributed to a larger number of plant introductions to Hawai‘i. In the second comparison, Fiji (2500 km from a mainland) did not differ in susceptibility to invasion in comparison to New Caledonia (1000 km from a mainland); the latter two island groups appear to have experienced roughly similar propagule pressure, and they have similar invasibility. The rate at which naturalized species have become pests is similar for Hawai‘i and other island groups. The higher susceptibility of Hawai‘i to invasion is related to more species entering the earliest stages in the invasion process (more casual and weakly naturalized species), and these higher numbers are then maintained in the naturalized and pest pools. The number of indigenous (not endemic) species was significantly correlated with susceptibility to invasion across all four island groups. When islands share similar climates and habitat diversity, the number of indigenous species may be a better predictor of invasibility than indices of physical isolation because it is a composite measure of biological isolation.
In November of 2013, a specimen of Japanese sleeper ray, Narke japonica (Temminck et Schlegel), caught off Nanfang-ao, Taiwan was found to be parasitised by the cestode Anteropora japonica (Yamaguti, 1934). Specimens comprised whole worms and free proglottids, both of varying degrees of maturity. This material allowed for the opportunity to examine in detail the developmental progression of this hyperapolytic lecanicephalidean species with regard to overall size, scolex dimensions, and microthrix pattern. Complete immature worms ranged in size from 2.4 mm to 14 mm. The smallest scoleces were half as wide as larger scoleces and exhibited a much smaller ratio of apical organ width to bothridial width. Proglottids more than quadrupled in length during maturation from terminal attached immature to detached proglottids. In addition, a change in microthrix pattern was observed on the anterior region of the proglottids from immature to gravid proglottids; the anterior region of attached immature proglottids is covered with gladiate to coniform spinitriches with capilliform filitriches only rarely visible, whereas this region in detached proglottids is covered with gladiate to coniform spinitriches and conspicuous capilliform filitriches. This is the first report of A. japonica from outside Japan expanding its distribution south to Taiwan. In addition, a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the genus is presented that suggests congeners from the same host species are not each other's closest relatives, nor is there an apparent phylogenetic signal for apical organ type or reproductive strategy (apolysis). However, reproductive strategy does seem to be correlated with host group such that euapolytic species parasitise dasyatid stingrays while hyperapolytic species parasitise either torpediniform rays or orectolobiform sharks., Rachel R. Guyer and Kirsten Jensen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Dinemoura discrepans Cressey, 1967 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Pandaridae) is redescribed based on the specimens taken from four species of sharks caught off the southeast coast of Taiwan. The four species of sharks are: pelagic thresher, Alopias pelagicus Nakamura; bigeye thresher, A. superciliosus Lowe; blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller et Henle); and oceanic whitetip shark, C. longimanus (Poey). Although our redescription shows certain differences from the original description, after re-examination of the museum specimens studied by R. F. Cressey in making the original description, it was confirmed that the specimens from off Taiwan are identifiable with D. discrepans. Carcharhinus limbatus is currently known to host 19 species of parasitic copepods, of which D. discrepans is the first one of this copepod genus.
Since the 19th century, crafts for Japan have been as important for trade and the economy as they have been for national and cultural identity. The discourse of "Japaneseness" has been central to the national and public debate in the craft world. As the Japanese empire expanded into North East China in the 1930s, Japan became interested in the cultures of greater China, including Taiwan. Japan´s continuous obsession with the idea of the "Japaneseness" in craft products was complicated by its effort to redefine itself in terms of its "Orientalness". This involved the location of its identity within the three-way positioning of Occident-Jaoan-Orient rather than the simple binary position of Japan versus the Occident. This aper firstly examines how Japanese craft and design experts confronted these multiple and different shades of the Orient and constructed the notion of "Japaneseness" as part of the Orient in the design discourse. Secondly, it will investigate the Japan centric hybrid design concept of "Greater Oriental Design", articulated by Japan as the leading power and authority of crafts in Asia. Finally, this paper will explore how this design discourse and these concepts were creatively interpreted in actual design terms and in experimentation, as well as the resulting implications for Japanese design history.
In Taiwanese literature, as in many other national literatures, realism is a term which has been used to serve many aims. Aesthetic and narrative aspects contribute to realism as much as poliical, ideological and/or social convictions. In Taiwam, it has been used as a label by almost all literary groups and schools since the first wave of native literature (xiangtu wenxue) in the 1920s in order to describe and ligitimize their respective literary and - frequently - political claims. Over time, the very meaning of the term "realism" had been subject to multiple changes, thus turning "realism" into an almost empty signifier that needed to be further framed. Realism increasingly tended to be accompanied by an explanatory adjunct, specifying what kind of realism was indicated. The article re-evaluates epistemological issues connected to the use of realism among Taiwan´s modernists and nativists in the 1960s and 1970s. It argues that the struggle between both groups is primarily in relation to the appropriate adjunct to be attached to realism. Both movements illustrate how realism has grown into a meta-term of modernity, while its aesthetics, subject matter, and ethical impact have became increasingly vague.
The Research Centre of the Oriental Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences at Academia Sinica in Taiwan (RCT) was established on December 3, 2015. It is designed to act as a branch office of the Oriental Institute of the CAS and is intended to serve as a platform facilitating and strengthening academic exchanges between Czech and Taiwanese scholars as well as institutions. The Centre is a part of a long-term interdisciplinary research project entitled Power and Strategies of Social and Political Order. Czech research fellows are expected to participate in conferences and hold colloqiums with their Taiwanese colleagues. In cooperation with the Academia Sinica, the Institute plans to organize annual joint workshops and publish their proceedings. It will concomitantly continue building the network of patner institutions and thus create a solid foundation for further scholarly exchanges. In cooperation with Charles University in Prague it will also support doctoral students wishing to conduct research at the Centre. and Táňa Dluhošová.