The e aim of this article is to cultivate Schmitt’s concept of the political, employing a funcional-systematic framework which was formulated in German sociology and social philosophy. By way of Luhmann’s systems theory and Habermas‘ systemising reconstruction of Weber’s conception of spheres of value, a model of intensity is worked out, which is constituted by two concepts: differentiation and politicisation. Whereas the systems theory of Niklas Luhmann is significant for the final delineation of the political as a system, Habermas’s Kantian differentiation of culture grounds the semantics of politicisation. This semantics also exploits considerations about re-distribution and recognition, with particular attention on Nancy Fraser’s “perspectival dualism”. The reason for cultivating Schmitt’s concept of the political is to develop the political as an independent concept which is an alternative to a conception that concentrates the political in politically active or activated civil society.
Cílem předložené stati je kriticky zhodnotit Habermasův pojem komunikativní racionality, tedy koncept, který je výrazem dalekosáhlého pokusu o rehabilitaci racionality, jež by umožnila teoreticky ukotvit praktický projekt spravedlivé společnosti. Komunikativní racionalita, která provází Habermasovy úvahy o politice a společnosti přibližně od poloviny sedmdesátých let minulého století až do současnosti, je výsledkem jeho snahy připojit se k pragmatickému obratu v analytické filosofii (a zároveň tento obrat překročit). Formální pragmatika, v jejímž rámci je komunikativní racionalita formulována, těží především z teorie řečových aktů Johna L. Austina a Johna R. Searla a z – primárně Dummettovy – pragmatistické sémantiky. Právě za pomoci konceptů artikulovaných těmito autory se Habermas pokouší odkrýt „platnostní základ řeči“, předvést specifickou jazykovou normativitu, která se vyznačuje podstatným emancipačním rozměrem., The aim of this article is to critically evaluate Habermas’ concept of communicative rationality. This concept is an expression of the far-reaching attempt to rehabilitate rationality, which would then make possible a theoretical grounding for the practical project of a just society. Communicative rationality, which has been a part of Habermas’ considerations of politics and society from roughly the mid-seventies up to today, is the result of his attempt to adopt the pragmatic turn in analytical philosophy (and at the same time to go beyond this turn). Formal pragmatics, in the framework of which communicative rationality is formulated, draws above all from the theory of speech acts of John L. Austin and John R. Searle and from – primarily Dummett’s – pragmatist semantics. It is with the help of the concepts articulated by these authors that Habermas attempts to reveal “the validity basis of language”, presenting a specific linguistic normativity which is characterised by a basic emancipatory dimension., and Michala Lysoňková.