The article deals with the relationship between T. G. Masaryk and the Catholic Church after the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918. The paper reflects actual synthesis of the relationship of T. G. Masaryk and Catholic Church, their mutual association and struggle at the turn of the 10´s and 20´s of the 20th century. The analysis presents important editions of documents, Czech archives regarding the religious person of T. G. Masaryk and new open archive collections of the Vatican Secret Archives. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
The article deals with commemorations of the death of Tomáš G. Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia. The funeral, its organization, and the location of Masaryk's grave reflected a new - predominantly nationalist-military-legionnaire - concept of the traditions of the Czechoslovak state. In the politically turbulent Europe of the late 1930s, it provided an opportunity to solidify the Czechoslovak national identity and to represent multinational state as unified. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
The author fi rst summarizes the career of Jozef Tiso (1887-1947), a politician and a Roman Catholic priest. His entire political life was linked to Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party; he was always a representative of its moderate faction, and even represented it as a minister of the Czechoslovak government. In 1939, he became its chairman. In the First Czechoslovak Republic, he was a dyed-in-the-wool federalist; since the proclamation of the Slovak State in March 1939 until the end of his life,an advocate of Slovakia’s independence. As the president of the Slovak Republic between 1939 and 1945, he was responsible for Slovakia’s political regime, alliance with the Nazi Germany until the end of the war, and deportations of Slovak Jews. After the war, he was tried by the National Court of Justice, sentenced to death, and executed in 1947. The author analyzes in detail the accusations brought against Tito during the trial and Tiso’s defence, as the arguments presented by both parties were later used by Tiso’s adversaries and sympathizers. Czech politicians and general public after the war were united in their condemnation of Tiso; in their eyes, Tiso’s biggest crime was his share in the destruction of the common state. On the other hand, the Slovaks’ view on Tiso depended on their attitude toward the previous political regime in Slovakia. Furthermore, the author monitors how Tiso’s cult was formed in the separatist segment of the Slovak exile since the end of the war. It was spreading mainly in the United States, Canada, and Argentina, but the efforts aimed at Tiso’s moral purifi cation were unsuccessful. The article also pays special attention to Tiso’s refl ections in the Czech and Slovak dissent in the 1970s and 1980s. In the end, the author describes disputes over Tiso which broke up after 1989 in Slovakia and which were a part of the ''return of history'' to the public space. They were related to attempts for Tiso’s commemoration and historical rehabilitation, and found their way to the media, politics, and historiography. The essay is concluded by a statement that the Czech society is not interested in Tiso as a historical fi gure, but that Tiso still divides the Slovak one: a minority of the Slovak society sees Tiso as a hero and a martyr, while most Slovaks perceive him as an unsuccessful and discredited politician. and Přeložila Blanka Medková
This study looks at issues related to using the concept of the so-called Maffia as representing the anti-Austrian Czech local resistance in the collective memory of interwar Czechoslovakia. Thus far the overwhelming majority of academic historical works have concentrated on the activities of the Maffia during the First World War. However, in this contribution the author examines the second life of this group when he looks for answers to questions concerning the origins of this group's name, who belonged to it, and the presentation and perception of the Maffia's activities in the public sphere in interwar Czechoslovakia.
Tématem studie je problematika českého menšinového školství v meziválečném Československu. Konkrétním cílem textu je popsat a interpretovat významné události a jevy, které doprovázely školní život na českých obecných menšinových školách v politickém okresu Ústí nad Labem v průběhu školního roku. Výzkum vychází z historiografického přístupu dějin každodennosti. Data byla získána studiem a analýzou archivních materiálů uložených v Archivu města Ústí nad Labem a Národním archivu v Praze a analýzou memoárů Emmi-Goldrun Schellberger uložených v Sudetoněmeckém institutu v Mnichově. Studie přináší ojedinělý pohled do každodenního života českých obecných menšinových škol. Ukazuje například okolnosti zahájení a závěru školního roku, průběh vyučovací hodiny, aktivit žáků během přestávek mezi vyučovacími hodinami a dalších jevů spojených se školním životem, které získané archivní materiály umožnily odhalit. and This study examines Czech minority education in interwar Czechoslovakia. It aims to describe and interpret significant events and phenomena that accompanied school life at Czech primary minority schools in the political district of Ústí nad Labem during the school year. The present study is based on a historiographic approach to the history of everyday life. The data were obtained by studying and analyzing archive materials deposited in the Archive of the City of Ústí nad Labem and the National Archive in Prague and also by analyzing the memoirs of Emmi-Goldrun Schellberger deposited at the Sudetenland Institute in Munich. This study brings unique insights into the everyday life of Czech primary minority schools. It shows, for example, the circumstances of the beginning and the end of the school year, the course of a lesson, the activities of pupils during breaks between lessons, and other phenomena related to school life which the archival materials were able to reveal.
The study analyses, how the political change after 1918 influenced the conditions of churches in relation to ethnic affiliations. It shows with an emphasis on the Germans in Czechoslovakia how activities of foreign confessional groups altered the terms in the examined churches. The paper concerns an overview that should follow further detailed analyses of the relation between confessional and ethnic minorities in the interwar period. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou