Myšlenka založit společnou Evropskou observatoř vznikla patrně na jaře roku 1953 během pobytu amerického astronoma německého původu Waltera Baadeho na observatoři v Leidenu, kde pobýval na základě pozvání Jana H. Oorta (Blaauw, 1991). Rozhovory Baadeho s Oortem vyústily dne 21. června 1953, den před konferencí o galaktické astronomii poblíž Groningenu, v širší diskusi. Té se zúčastnili W. Baade, A. Blaauw, P. Bourgeois, A.-L. Danjon, O. Heckmann, B. Lindblad, J. H. Oort a P. Oosterhoff. Také byl přítomen tehdejší ředitel Holandského národního vědeckého fondu a předseda výboru evropské organizace pro atomový výzkum CERN J. H. Bannier. Tato schůzka, která byla velmi ovlivněna názory W. Baadeho, vedla k založení Evropské jižní observatoře (ESO) v roce 1962., Jan Palouš., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Polymorphic microsatellite loci were characterised for two louse species, the anopluran Polyplax serrata Burmeister, 1839, parasitising Eurasian field mice of the genus Apodemus Kaup, and the amblyceran Myrsidea nesomimi Palma et Price, 2010, found on mocking birds endemic to the Galápagos Islands. Evolutionary histories of the two parasites show complex patterns influenced both by their geographic distribution and through coevolution with their respective hosts, which renders them prospective evolutionary models. In P. serrata, 16 polymorphic loci were characterised and screened across 72 individuals from four European populations that belong to two sympatric mitochondrial lineages differing in their breadth of host-specificity. In M. nesomimi, 66 individuals from three island populations and two host species were genotyped for 15 polymorphic loci. The observed heterozygosity varied from 0.05 to 0.9 in P. serrata and from 0.0 to 0.96 in M. nesomimi. Deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were frequently observed in the populations of both parasites. Fst distances between tested populations correspond with previous phylogenetic data, suggesting the microsatellite loci are an informative resource for ecological and evolutionary studies of the two parasites., Jana Martinů, Veronika Roubová, Milena Nováková, Vincent S. Smith, Václav Hypša, Jan Štefka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The efficiency of Monte-Carlo procedures to test some hypotheses about the spatial patterns of larvae and damages of Lobesia botrana was studied. Two hypotheses were tested to detect spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence. The most practical implication is to provide an efficient sampling scheme. The study of the relationship between spatial patterns and grape availability was required to explain scales of spatial heterogeneity and population dynamics studies were needed to relate it to oviposition behavior. It was tested through a third hypothesis. We adapted Monte-Carlo simulation procedures for the analysis of exhaustive count data obtained from regular grids delimited within each of two vineyards. Statistical analyses were based on count permutations and on count redistributions according to the hypotheses which were tested. Indices of aggregation and autocorrelation statistics were used. The hypotheses that we tested at different scales were random distribution of the infestations (HR), independence of vine stock (or groups of k vine stocks) infestation (HI) and independence between vine stock infestation and grape availability (HG). Monte-Carlo tests revealed the same spatial patterns for larvae and damages. We detected different spatial patterns. The implications for sampling were that sample unit could be an individual stock and that sampling along a row could not be used to estimate population density in the vineyard. Results showed that infestation of a given stock depended on grape availability on this stock and on neighboring vine stocks., Isabelle Badenhausser, Patrice Lecharpentier, Lionel Delbac, Pascale Pracros, and Lit
Předkládaný článek přináší stručný průřez problematiky studia taxonomie štírů rodu Euscorpius. Evropským štírům byla věnována pozornost již od poloviny 18. století. Po bezmála 250 letech zkoumání se tento rod stále nedočkal vyřešení otázky své komplikované taxonomie. Zdá se ovšem, že současné studie kombinující morfologické, genetické a cytogenetické znaky mohou být klíčem pro odhalení skutečné druhové diverzity., This article briefly summarizes the last two and a half centuries of taxonomic research into the European genus of scorpions commonly known as small wood scorpions (Euscorpius). Despite the fact that taxonomists have been focusing on this genus since the mid-18th century, their taxonomy is not yet sufficiently resolved. However, present studies seem to be on the right track, and looking into a combination of morphological, genetic and cytogenetic features may hold the key to revealing the true diversity of the species., and Jana Plíšková.
Dne 14. května 2009 odstartovala z evropského kosmodromu v Kourou, který se nachází ve Francouzské Guyaně v Jižní Americe, nosná raketa Ariane 5 ECA se sondami Planck a Herschel na palubě. Nosná raketa je 59 metrů vysoká a má v průměru 5,4 metru. Byla vyvíjena of 70. let a její první start se uskuečnil již v roce 1979. Nosič má hmotnost 770 tun a vynese užitečný náklad o hmotnosti 6 tun. Raketa byla nazvána podle mytologické postavy Ariadné (Ariane je její přepis do francouzštiny). and Petr Kulhánek.
This study is devoted to the examination of the image of Rudolph IV of Austria in the historical writings of Henry Truchsas of Diessehofen. His chronicle, which maps the years 1316-1361, deals primarily with the history of the Empire; however, the attention of the author of this article is continuously drawn to the history of the Dukes of Austria, which is closely related to this area. The author try to explain the silence of the chronicler on the Rudolph’s participation in the allegiance formed by the Dukes of Württemberg in 1359, which was potentially aimed against Emperor and Rudolph’s father-in-law Charles IV. and Georg Modestin.