Studie Elišky Baťové se zabývá dosud nepříliš hodnocenou koncepcí liturgického roku v duchovních písních od biskupa Jednoty bratrské a teologa Jana Augusty., The goal of the present study is to bring together the questions of hymnological research with the history of the liturgy and homiletics. In the integrated liturgical conception of Jan Augusta as it is known to us thanks to two Viennese manuscripts and a newly processed, unique printed document from the Unity of the Brethren church, these areas cannot be separated, since they mutually support each other to create a whole. The author has therefore dedicated herself to the broader context of the creating of a new arrangement of Biblical readings and songs in the Unity of the Brethren church, regarding which there were disputes from its inception in 1545 until the deaths of Jan Blahoslav and of Jan Augusta in 1572., Eliška Baťová., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 43, anglický abstrakt 33.
The aim of the article is to characterise for the first time ever the role of book culture in building the confessionality of post-Hussite society and subsequent generations. For such an extensive research goal, it was necessary to choose a broad interdisciplinary approach, making it possible to place social phenomena previously assessed in isolation into the context of the day. The individual passages of the article are therefore devoted to editorial models, to the archaeology of the printed text and the basics of reading, to the history of illustration and book printing, to language and bookbinding. It has been confirmed that book culture - created by the reception of manuscript and printed products - can be understood as a faithful mirror of a religiously pluralistic society. However, where modern historiography ends with the research of confessionality, the study of book culture may begin to reveal the much more general mechanisms of the individual and social mentality in which the religious-political process took place. The mentality of the readers (burghers and partly the lesser aristocracy) for whom the copied and printed books were intended, was negatively impacted by the remnants of Hussitism and by contemporary Utraquism, which coexisted in a dualistic symbiosis with minority Catholicism. These influences, which at the time were commonly referred to as “renaissance”, bound readers to the Middle Ages. The more massive growth of their intellectual potential was made possible only by the cultural restart brought about by the change in the political situation after the Schmalkaldic War of 1547, which met with a somewhat negative response in both earlier and modern historiography. However, through the study of book culture, we are becoming convinced that the bourgeoisie began to compensate for the privileges which the monarch had deprived them of through various forms of self-education and self-presentation, by means of which it revived itself from these medieval residuals and at the same time competed with the aristocracy., Petr Voit., Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy, and Jan Pulkrábek [překladatel]
Discantus and Altus part-books (sign. NM-CMH AZ 84) were made by the later binding of component parts consisting of four prints and five manuscripts from the 1540s through about the 1590s. For the first time, the professional community can familiarize itself with their external description and contents. Those contents consist predominantly of compositions intended for Vespers (Magnificat settings and hymns). Special attention is paid to two Magnificat settings Bohemian Christmas and Easter songs in the discant part. For each of the twelve songs, the oldest known incidences of their melody and text were identified, and transcriptions of the songs are also included. The discant part-book AZ 84 represents an indispensable source for the genesis of some of the songs (Všem věc divná, neslýchaná [To All Something Strange, Unheard-Of], Hory se zelenají [The Hills Turn Green], Plešíc již všecko stvoření [All Creation Now Rejoicing], Šalomúnovy postele šedesáte ostříhalo [Sixty Men around Solomons Bed]), Dagmar Štefancová., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 22.
Marcomans and "superiores barbari" in Třebusice and Jevíčko penecontemporaneous with Marcomannic Wars. The problem of transitional stage B2/C1 in Bohemia and Moravia. The paper deals with new finds of graves and settlements from Bohemia and Moravia during the second half of 2nd Century AD, especially important burials and metal artifacts (mainly fibulas) from Třebusice (Central Bohemian Region) and Jevíčko (historical territory of Moravia, now The Pardubice Region). Author focuses on developing a more detailed chronology of assemblages before, during and just after the Marcomannic Wars (B2b, B2/C1 and C1a). Evidence was found that "superiores barbari", ie. bearers of the Przeworsk and the Wielbark Culture, were present on Marcoman territory at this time. A similar situation where the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures appear to exist on Marcoman territory has been observed in other regions. These regions can be divided into eight main areas (north-western, central and eastern Bohemia, Malá Haná region (CZ), central and southern Moravia, Záhorie (SK) and the northern part of Lower Austria., Eduard Droberjar., České resumé., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This study examines the taxation policy of Maria Theresa as evidenced by the situation in Bohemia. A fundamental measure that opened the way for subsequent developments was the passing of the ten-year compact (or "Rezess", as it was known), by the Bohemian parliament in 1748. This law guaranteed a fixed total tax contribution (5,488,155 gulders, 58 crowns) in return for a guarantee that the empress would not demand extra levies, even in the event of war. With the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War, however, the situation changed and in 1756 demands were made for exceptional taxes, military recruits, loans to the state budget, etc. Meanwhile the guarantee of a fixed total tax under the ten-year compact continued to apply. The Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763) brought no relief, as Maria Theresa asked parliament to approve not only an extension of the compact for the following military year, but new exceptional taxes and the reimposition of certain existing indirect taxes. These obligations, together with an increased tax burden in rural communities, remained in place until 1775, when a new ten-year compact was negotiated that lasted until 1789., Jan Lhoták., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
In the Middle Ages, Pseudo-Aristotelian Secretum secretorum was an exceptionally widespread text, both in Latin and vernacular versions. It was a thematically varied treatise, a kind of sum of knowledge, containing information from statecraft, natural sciences, medicine and health science. The main attention of the study is focused on the spread of this treatise in medieval Bohemia. It follows not only its manuscript preservation and its context, but also the milieu in which this text was received, or which parts were received in the given, specific milieu. An important theme is also the translations into Czech and the reception of this treatise in texts written in Czech., Pavlína Cermanová., and Obsahuje poznámky pod čarou
Later than in the wet of Europe, it was only in the course of the 12th century that the water wheel caught on in Bohemia and Moravia. At the same time hand-powered mills were still requently being used. Until the end of the 12th century most water mills as well as water courses were the property of princes, so permission to run an existing mil or to build a new one had to be granted. The location, design of and technology used in mediaeval mills in our vicinity have not been archaeologically researched. The hypotheritcal appearance of such mills and what equipment they had can be modelled based on the results of research abroad, since similar structures might also have been in use in mediaeval Bohemia and Moravia., Lucie Galusová, Martina Maříková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Studie se zabývá rukopisným pramenem z 15. století, uloženým v Národní knihovně ČR pod signaturou XVII F 3, s reflexí obecně liturgických hledisek. Zaměřuje se na jeho pravděpodobnou dataci a repertoárovou skladbou. Obsahuje sondu do repertoáru Svatého týdne., Eliška Baťová., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 274, anglický abstrakt na s. 229.
The study is an attempt at a reconstruction of the course of the Easter celebrations in the church of the Benedictine monastery of St George at Prague Castle from the period around 1200, to when the earliest preserved record is dated, until the 15th century. The first part of the celebration was the Quem queritis dialogue; in the next act the meeting of Mary Magdalene with Christ was played out and in the third part the amassed believers were ceremonially shown the linen from the empty Sepulchre. From the 14th century, the meeting of Mary with the Spice Merchant was included before these three scenes. Where and how these scenes were played is not entirely apparent from the rubrics of the preserved liturgical manuscripts. The showing of the linen probably took place on the stairs to the eastern chancel and according to one of the records from the 14th century at the ‘iron tomb’, which might have been the tomb of Duke Boleslav II, buried in front of the staircase. The first two scenes thus almost certainly took place in the area of the eastern chancel, where the main altar was, initially transformed each year into a temporary Holy Sepulchre. A permanent stone Sepulchre, which was established there between 1344 and 1345, presented an entirely open architecture - which differed from the generally widespread closed coffin-like forms - apparently bearing the relics of St Ludmila in the tomb of green porphyry. From the 14th century, the ritual of Depositio crucis, in which a cross was placed in the Sepulchre, also began to be performed. and Petr Uličný.