Příspěvek seznamuje s výskytem nadváhy a obezity u dětí a dospívajících v současné Velké Británii a s některými poznatky z britských výzkumů, zaměřených na roli psychosociálních a environmentálních proměnných při vzniku, rozvoji a udržování nadváhy a obezity. Velká Británie patří k zemím s etnicky pestřejším složením obyvatel, což vždy vedlo k pochybnostem odborníků o hodnotě srovnávaných údajů o nadváze a obezitě mezi původními obyvateli a obyvateli z řad jednotlivých etnik, která ve Velké Británii žijí. Tomuto problému a jeho současnému způsobu řešení v této zemi je věnována jedna z částí příspěvku. Dále příspěvek seznamuje s výzkumy, zabývajícími se vztahy mezi nadváhou a obezitou příslušníků původních britských obyvatel i jednotlivých etnik a spolupůsobícími psychosociálními a environmentálními proměnnými, které jsou vždy tvořeny, doprovázeny nebo se navzájem liší charakteristickým způsobem mezilidské komunikace. Britská odborná veřejnost se prostřednictvím britských vládnoucích institucí vyjádřila k problému nadváhy a obezity řadou projektů. Tvůrci projektu Foresight (Butland et al., 2007) navrhují řešení stoupajícího výskytu nadváhy a obezity z celonárodní a déledobé budoucí perspektivy, kdy jsou v jednotlivých resortech prostřednictvím odpovědných institucí zaváděny změny, které by lépe vyhovovaly (psycho) biologii člověka a tak přirozeně vedly ke zdravějšímu životnímu stylu. and The paper introduces the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in the current UK and some knowledge of British researches focused on the role of psychosocial and environmental variables in the creation, development and maintenance of overweight and obesity. The United Kingdom is country with ethnically more diverse composition, that has always raised doubts about the value of the compared data of overweight and obesity, that has been thus obtained in different ethnic groups living here. This problem and its solution in the current country is devoted one part of this contribution. Further part introduces the researches concerned with the relationships between overweight and obesity of British native population and various ethnic groups and their psychosocial and environmental variables, that are always formed, accompanied or mutual differ in a characteristic way of interpersonal communication.The conclusion of the paper is devoted to the strategies, that are currently applied to address the problem of overweight and obesity in some administrative areas of this country. Creators of project Foresight (Butland et al., 2007) propose solutions of increasing incidence of overweight and obesity, in which are involved various ministries and that could be realised through the responsible institutions. These changes would better fit the (psycho) human biology and so could more naturally lead to a healthier lifestyle.
Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) is an intracellular parasite that can cause ongoing latent infection persisting for the duration of a non-definitive host's life. Affecting approximately one-third of the world's population, latent toxoplasmosis has been associated with neuropsychological outcomes and a previous report suggested an association between latent toxoplasmosis and adult height. Given the large number of people with latent toxoplasmosis and its potential associations with human height, we sought to better understand the association between latent toxoplasmosis and human morphology by evaluating seropositivity for T. gondii and multiple body measures reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) and in the more recent continuous NHANES data sets from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for which data on T. gondii are available. In these analyses, latent toxoplasmosis was not associated with any of the body measures assessed in the NHANES datasets even after taking into account interactions between latent toxoplasmosis and testosterone suggesting that in these samples, latent toxoplasmosis is not associated with adult morphology including height., Andrew N. Berrett, Shawn D. Gale, Lance D. Erickson, Bruce L. Brown, Dawson W. Hedges., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The aim of the study was to assess the association between promoter polymorphism [A(-596)G] in interleukin-6 gene and office systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and the heart rate (HR) in apparently healthy Czech subjects. Furthermore, we evaluated the possible influence of gender, BMI and smoking on these supposed associations. An age-matched (40-50 years) and gender-matched (F/M=81/89) sample of apparently healthy Czech subjects (n=170, F/M=81/89) without hypertension, other cardiovascular diseases or diabetes was examined. The A(-596)G Il-6 gene polymorphism was detected by the PCR method. No differences in genotype distribution and/or allelic frequency was found between groups with lower systolic blood pressure (£ 122 mm Hg) and higher systolic blood pressure (> 122 mm Hg). Similarly, no differences in the IL-6 polymorphism were found between lower (£ 86 mm Hg) and higher (> 86 mm Hg) diastolic blood pressure groups. However, we proved a significant increase of genotypes AG+GG as well as the allele (-596)G in higher (>78 beats/min) heart rate group. The genotypes AG+GG represent significantly higher relative risk for higher HR frequency, especially in women. Among lean persons with a low heart rate frequency, fewer AG+GG genotypes were determined than among any other subjects. The genotypes AG+GG are more frequent in non-smoking persons with higher HR compared to non-smoking subjects with lower HR, especially in women. Gender, BMI and smoking substantially modify the distribution of A(-596)G Il-6 gene polymorphism in apparently healthy persons with lower or higher heart rate., A. Vašků, M. Souček, M. Goldbergová, J. Vácha., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Balance control is a critical task of daily life, the ability to maintain upright posture becomes of particular concern during aging when the sensory and motor system becomes deteriorated. Falls contribute to the most deaths caused by injury within the aged population, and the mortality rate following a fall is drastically elevated. Longitudinal and reliable assessment of balance control abilities is a critical point in the prediction of increased risk of falling in an elderly population. The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of the Homebalance test in the identification of persons being at higher risk of falling. 135 subjects (82 women and 53 men) with geriatric syndrome have been recruited and the Homebalance and the Tinetti Balance test were performed. Results of both tests strongly correlated proving the good performance of the Homebalance test. Standing balance declines with increasing body mass index in both genders. Analysis of fluctuations of the center of pressure (COP) revealed higher frequency and magnitude in mediolateral direction COP movements when compared women to men. A strong negative correlation has been found between Tinetti static balance score and the total length of the COP trajectory during the examination on Homebalance (r = -0.6, p<0.001). Although both methods revealed good performance in detecting balance impairment, Homebalance test possesses higher precision due to the continuous nature of COP-derived parameters. In conclusion, our data proved that the Homebalance test is capable to identify persons with impaired balance control and thus are at higher risk of falling.
Sleep apnoea (SA) is common in patients with hypertension. Nowadays, limited data on the prevalence of SA in nocturnal hypertension (NH) exist. Therefore, we studied the occurrence of SA in Czech patients and its association with 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), breathing disturbances in sleep, anthropometric data, Mallampati score and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) using the Apnea Link device. Undiagnosed SA was found in 72.9 % patients (29.3 % mild, 26.6 % moderate, 17.0 % severe) of 188 patients with NH measured by ABPM. The median of the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) was 12.0 (25th-75th percentile 5.0-23.8). Moderate/severe SA (AHI≥15) was associated with BMI, waist circumference, mean night saturation (SpO2), t90, oxygen desaturation index (ODI), ESS (daytime BP only) (p≤0.032), but not ABPM parameters and Mallampati score (p>0.09). A likelihood of moderate/severe SA was enhanced by ODI>14.5 events/h (odds ratio=57.49, 95 % CI=22.79-145.01), t90>6.5 % (8.07, 4.09-15.92), mean night SpO2<93.5 % (3.55, 1.92-6.59), BMI>29.05 kg/m2 (6.22, 3.10-12.49), circum waist>105.5 cm (3.73, 1.57-8.83), but not by any ABPM parameter. In conclusion, a high incidence of SA (72.9 %) was observed in Czech patients with NH. SA severity was associated with body characteristics and oxygenation parameters, but not with ABMP parameters and Mallampati score., M. Hobzová, K. Šonka, M. Pretl, J. Václavík, E. Kriegová, M. Radvanský, J. Zapletalová, M. Placková, V. Kolek., and Seznam literatury
The role of the FTO gene in obesity development is well established in populations around the world. The NYD-SP18 variant has been suggested to have a similar effect on BMI, but the role of this gene in determining BMI has not yet been verified. The objective of ou r study was to confirm the association between NYD-SP18 rs6971091 SNP and BMI in the Slavic population and to analyze i) the gender-specific effects of NYD-SP18 on BMI and ii) the si multaneous effect of FTO rs17817449 and NYD-SP18 on BMI. We analyzed a sample of a large adult population based on the post-MONICA study (1,191 males and 1,368 females). Individuals were analyzed three times over 9 years. NYD-SP18 rs6971091 SNP is related to BMI in males (2000/1 GG 28.3±3.7 kg/m 2 vs. +A 27.5±3.7 kg/m 2 P<0.0005; in other examinations P<0.05 and <0.005), but not in females (all P values over 0.48 in all three examinations). Further analysis revealed the significant additive effect (but not the interaction) of FTO and NYD-SP18 SNPs on BMI in males (all P<0.01). These results suggest that association between NYD-SP18 rs6971091 SNP and BMI may be restricted to males. Furthermore, variants within NYD-SP18 and FTO genes revealed a significant additive effect on BMI values in males., J. A. Hubacek, D. Dlouha, V. Lanska, V. Adamkova., and Obsahuje bibliografii