Apart from a brief overview of GIS analyses used in botany and an explanation of the differences between two basic data models (vector or grid), the current paper also offers three case studies which used GIS to plan sampling design, explain causes of species composition and model phenological map. and Dana Michalcová, Ondřej Hájek.
a1_To determine how the use of a given rootstock can influence the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of the scion under salt stress, the growth, gas exchange, photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, xanthophyll cycle, and chloroplast ultrastructure of nongrafted,
self-grafted, and pumpkin-grafted (hereafter referred to as rootstock-grafted) cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants were investigated at day 15 after being treated with 90 mM NaCl. The reductions in plant growth of the rootstock-grafted plants were lower than those of the nongrafted and self-grafted plants under 90 mM NaCl. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, maximal and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching coefficient, and effective quantum-use efficiency of PSII in the light-adapted state of the nongrafted and self-grafted plants were significantly decreased under 90 mM NaCl. However, these reductions were alleviated when the cucumber plants were grafted onto the pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) rootstock. The intercellular CO2 concentrations were significantly increased in the nongrafted and self-grafted plants under 90 mM NaCl, whereas it was decreased in the rootstock-grafted plants. Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and the deepoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle were significantly increased under 90 mM NaCl, particularly in the rootstockgrafted plants, suggesting the rootstock-grafted plants had higher potential to dissipate excess excitation energy and reduce the probability of photodamage to PSII. Under 90 mM NaCl, the number of grana was reduced, the thylakoids were swollen, and starch granules accumulated in all plants. However, the damage of chloroplast ultrastructure was alleviated in the rootstock-grafted plants., a2_Taken together, the use of C. moschata rootstock alleviated salt stress in cucumber plants by delaying photoinhibition, probably due to a lower incidence of both stomatal and nonstomatal factors limiting photosynthesis., Z. X. Liu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
To determine the effects of rootstock choice on the scion response to drought stress, we compared the vegetative growth, biomass accumulation, gas exchange, and water-use efficiency (WUE) of ‘Gale Gala’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks. Compared with the well-watered control, drought treatment limited growth, as manifested by smaller increments in plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB), total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR). The extent of this effect differed among rootstocks. Stress conditions led to increases in the root/shoot ratio (RSR), leaf thickness (LT), water-holding capacity (WHC), carbon isotope composition (δ13C), and WUE. Decreases were noted in stomatal density (SD), leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content (Chl), net photosynthetic rate (PN), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (gs), again varying by rootstock. Those that are generally considered more drought-tolerant, e.g., M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoides, had smaller declines in PH, TD, TB, TDB, LA, RGR, SD, RWC, Chl, PN, E, and gs and proportionally greater increases in RSR, LT, WHC, δ13C, and WUE compared with the droughtsensitive M. hupehensis and
M. sieboldii. These results suggest that moisture stress has a significant dwarfing effect in the latter two species. Based on WUE calculations, trees on drought-tolerant rootstocks showed higher tolerance when stressed, whereas those on drought-sensitive rootstocks were less tolerant, as indicated by their lower WUE values., B. H. Liu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This study evaluated the photosynthetic responses of Cucumis sativus leaves acclimated to illumination from three-band white fluorescent lamps with a high red:far-red (R:FR) ratio (R:FR = 10.5) and the photosynthetic responses of leaves acclimated to metal-halide lamps that provided a spectrum similar to that of natural light (R:FR = 1.2) at acclimation photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 100 to 700 μmol m-2 s-1. The maximum gross photosynthetic rate (PG) of the fluorescent-acclimated leaves was approximately 1.4 times that of the metal-halide-acclimated leaves at all acclimation PPFDs. The ratio of quantum efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII) of the fluorescent-acclimated leaves to that of the metal-halide-acclimated leaves tended to increase with increasing acclimation PPFD, whereas the corresponding ratios for the leaf mass per unit area tended to decrease with increasing acclimation PPFD. These results suggest that the greater maximum PG of the fluorescent-acclimated leaves resulted from an interaction between the acclimation light quality and quantity, which was mainly caused by the greater leaf biomass for photosynthesis per area at low acclimation PPFDs and by the higher ΦPSII as a result of changes in characteristics and distribution of chloroplasts, or a combination of these factors at high acclimation PPFDs., T. Shibuya .... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Hořce a hořečky patří dnes mezi vzácné a ohrožené druhy květeny České republiky. V prvním díle nového seriálu je uveden přehled všech hořečků zaznamenaných na našem území a podána stručná informace o jejich životní strategii, době květu a počtu doložených historických a stávajících lokalit. Pro veškeré snahy o záchranu populací středoevropských hořečků je důležitá podrobná znalost jejich životního cyklu. Ten je v současné době nejlépe prostudován a bohatě fotograficky ilustrován pro dvouleté na podzim kvetoucí hořečky., Gentiana and Gentianella species are rare and endangered species of flora in the Czech Republic. The list of all Gentianella species occurring in our country together with brief information about their life strategies, flowering time and the number of documented historical and current sites are published in the first part of this series. Detailed knowledge of the life cycle is crucial for species protection. Currently the most studied and extensively photographed life cycle is known for the biennial autumnal Gentianella species., and Jiří Brabec.
The second part of this series presents information on the ecology, historical and recent distribution of Gentianella praecox subsp. bohemica, a subendemic species of the Czech flora. The effects of different management treatments on the establishment, survival and seed production of this biennial gentian was assessed at several sites. Creation of gaps in surrounding vegetation through regular mowing together with disruption of turfs through harrowing have been identified as optimal management strategies. Detailed knowledge of the biology of short-lived gentians allows the identification of critical stages of their life cycle and prediction of population dynamics. and Jiří Brabec, Anna Lampei Bucharová.
The presented species prefers intermittently wet meadows and pastures, and thus differs from other gentians that are able to colonize a wide range of habitats (broad-leaved dry grasslands, mesic and wet habitats, submontane and montane Nardus grasslands). The presence of gaps in the vegetation is the major prerequisite for plant establishment and survival. Regular mowing or grazing accompanied by disruption of turf can support the creation of open sward. our experimental data from 13 sites show that regular management can restore the gentians populations. and Jiří Brabec.
Hořec panonský (Gentiana pannonica) bývá označována za erbovní rostlinu Šumavy, která je jedinou přirozenou oblastí výskytu tohoto druhu mimo Alpy. V případě Šumavy byl přirozený výskyt omezen na maloplošná refugia přirozeného bezlesí - kary ledovcových jezer, okraje slatí a horských potoků. Na ostatní lokality se hořec rozšířil až po kolonizaci Šumavy lidmi. Na některá místa si horalé hořce pravděpodobně přesadili či vyseli. Další vhodné lokality vzniklé odlesněním části šumavských plání hořec osídlil spontánně. Dlouhodobé přežívání hořce panonského je pojištěno klonálním růstem, díky kterému na některých lokalitách vytváří rozsáhlé polykormony. Květy opylují čmeláci, ale jsou také schopné samoopylení. Křídlatá semena, která mohou za pomoci větru putovat po sněhové krustě či plavat ve vodě, například z tajícího sněhu, úspěšně klíčí v gapech. Podobně jako i další druhy se silnými kořeny a oddenky byl h. panonský využíván k domácí výrobě hořcové pálenky a žaludečních likérů. Druhům hořec žlutý (G. lutea), h. nachový (G. purpurea) a h. tečkovaný (G. punctata) je stručně věnován závěr článku., Hungarian Gentian (Gentiana pannonica) has been considered the heraldic plant of the Šumava Mts., its only natural distribution outside the Alps. The species originally inhabited only small non-forest refugia but spread into other sites after human colonization of the Šumava Mts. It is likely that the species was deliberately transplanted or sown in suitable sites close to the settlements. Some habitats were also colonized spontaneously. Hungarian Gentian is a long-lived perennial with profound clonal propagation. Flowers are pollinated by bumble-bees, but self-pollination is also possible. Seeds successfully germinate in gaps. In this article, Yellow Gentian (G. lutea), Purple Gentian (G. purpurea) and Spotted Gentian (G. punctata) are also briefly discussed., and Zdenka Křenová.
Poslední díl seriálu seznamuje se dvěma opravdu blankytně modrými hořci. Hořec brvitý (Gentianopsis ciliata) má těžiště rozšíření v prostoru střední Evropy, Alp a Balkánu. Nedávné studie potvrzují, že jde o vytrvalý, relativně krátkověký druh. Pozoruhodná je jeho schopnost vegetativního rozrůstání z adventivních pupenů. Ty dávají vzniknout novým nadzemním lodyhám, které jsou neodlišitelné od samostatných oddělených rostlin. Experimentální studie ukazují, že je velmi obtížné stanovit optimální obhospodařování jeho lokalit. Seč v tradičních termínech (červen) výrazně ničí jeho lodyhy. Stejně tak je druh náchylný na zarůstání lokalit křovinami a nedostatek prostoru (mezer v porostu, tzv. gapů) ke klíčení. Hořec křížatý (Gentiana crutiata) roste roztroušeně téměř v celé Evropě a západní Asii. Jde o vytrvalý druh. Jeho dlouhodobé přežívání na lokalitě je však závislé zamezení zarůstání a možnosti vyklíčení semen na obnažených, disturbovaných plochách. Často roste, obdobně jako další druhy hořců a hořečků, na místech, kde byla disturbance prováděná pasenými zvířaty nahrazena aktivitami moderního člověka (jízda na koních, motorkách, čtyřkolkách, též ve vojenských újezdech na dopadových plochách či tzv. tankodromech). Hořce a hořečky jsou přírodním a kulturním dědictvím naší krajiny. Cílem seriálu bylo ukázat, že jako takové má smysl jejich biotopy chránit a obhospodařovat., The last part of our series introduces two species. The Fringed Gentian (Gentianopsis ciliata) occurs in Central Europe, in the Alps and in the Balkans. It is a perennial but relatively short-lived species, remarkable for vegetative propagation from adventitious buds. Tailoring management of its sites is very difficult – traditional mowing in June destroys many of the stems, but the inhibition of succession and the creation of gaps are essential for successful propagation of the species. The perennial species Cross Gentian (Gentiana cruciata), scattered across Europe and western Asia, occurs in places where traditional disturbances by grazing animals are often replaced by human leisure activities or military training. The inhibition of shrub succession and small-scale soil disturbances are essential for survival of this species. The main aim of our series was to justify the protection of Gentians and suggest appropriate management of their habitats., and Zdenka Křenová, Jiří Brabec.