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45172. Whisenant S. G.: Repairing damaged wildlands. A process-oriented, landscape-scale approach
- Creator:
- Prach, Karel
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- 0-521-47001-3
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
45173. White adipose tissue: storage and effector site for environmental pollutants
- Creator:
- Müllerová, D. and Kopecký , J.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- White adipose tissue, Organic pollutants, Endocrine disruption, and Adipokines
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- White adipose tissue (WAT) represents a reservoir of lipophilic environmental pollutants, especially of those which are resistant to biological and chemical degradation – so-called persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Large amounts of different congeners and isomers of these compounds exhibit a variety of adverse biological effects. Interactions among different classes of compounds, frequently with opposing effects, complicate hazard evaluation and risk assessment. WAT is the key organ for energy homeostasis and it also releases metabolites into the circulation and adipokines with systemic effects on insulin sensitivity and fuel partitioning in muscles and other tissues. Its beneficial role is lost in obesity when excessive accumulation of WAT contributes to severe diseases, such as diabetes. POPs may crossroad or modulate the effect of endogenous ligands of nuclear transcription factors, participating in differentiation, metabolism and the secretory function of adipocytes. These mechanisms include, most importantly: i) endocrine disrupting potency of POPs ́ mixtures on androgen, estrogen or thyroid hormone metabolism/functions in WAT, ii) interference of dioxin-like chemicals with retinoic acid homeostasis, where impact on retinoid receptors is expected, and iii) interaction with transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors is likely. Thus, the accumulation and action of POPs in WAT represents a unitary mechanism explaining, at least in part, the effects of POPs in the whole organism. By modulating WAT differentiation, metabolism and function, the POPs could affect not only the physiological role of WAT, but they may also influence the development of obesity-associated diseases.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
45174. White but not quite :
- Creator:
- Kalmar, Ivan
- Type:
- text and monografie
- Subject:
- Vnitropolitický vývoj, politický život, postsocialismus, dějiny politické, politici, světové dějiny od r. 1945 do současnosti, and politické dějiny, politici
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Obsahuje bibliografii a rejstřík
- Rights:
- unknown
45175. White Carpathian grasslands: can local ecological factors explain their extraordinary species richness?
- Creator:
- Kristina, Preislerová, Zdenka, and Chytrý , Milan
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Bílé Karpaty, Czech Republic, diversity, dry grassland, meadow, nutrients, productivity, Slovakia, spoil pH, vascular plants, and Western Carpathians
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Semi-dry grasslands in the White Carpathian (Bílé Karpaty) Mountains on the Czech-Slovak border are famous for their extremely high species richness. In places they contain more than 130 species of vascular plants per 100m2 and for some plot sizes they hold world records in the number of vascular plant species, but the reasons for this are poorly understood. Here we ask whether the high number of species in these grasslands can be explained by local ecological factors. We compared the White Carpathian grasslands with similar grasslands in adjacent areas in the west (southern Moravia) and the east (Inner Western Carpathians), which are on average notably poorer in species than those in the White Carpathians. In both of these areas, we sampled grasslands that were among the species richest in the regional context and had a similar physiognomy, species composition and ecology as those in the White Carpathians. We found 75 sites with >70 and >25 species of vascular plants per 100 m2 and 1 m2, respectively, in which we recorded species composition and local environmental conditions, including precipitation, soil depth, soil pH and nutrient concentrations, above-ground biomass production and nutrients in plant biomass. Although the White Carpathian grasslands were considerably richer in species than the richest grasslands in the adjacent regions, there were no differences in the values of the factors studied that could provide an unequivocal explanation of their high species richness. However, the values of the factors studied were within the ranges reported in the literature as conducive to high species richness in temperate grasslands. We conclude that the high species richness recorded in the White Carpathian grasslands cannot be explained by a single factor. It results from a unique combination of regional factors (long history of these grasslands, large size of individual grassland areas and their existence in a landscape mosaic with forests, scrub and small wetlands), local abiotic factors (soil pH, soil nutrient status, moisture regime and resulting grassland productivity that are suitable for many species from the regional species pool) and management (low fertilizer input and mowing once a year in late spring or summer).
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
45176. White Coat Effect: The Making of the Patient-Physician Relationship in Modern Europe /
- Creator:
- Hanulík, Vladan,
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Lékařské vědy. Lékařství, vztahy lékař-pacient, lékaři, lékařství, pacienti, přehledná zpracování světových dějin (chronologicky), and dějiny zdravotnictví, lékaři
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- unknown
45177. White linear markings on the abdomen of river loaches (Nemacheilidae) - potential usage for the identification of individuals
- Creator:
- Aoyama, Shigeru, Satoh, Aki, and Kunisue, Ayako
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- individual identification and Balitoridae
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Former studies demonstrated that the river loach species Lefua sp. and Lefua echigonia (Nemacheilidae) have thin white linear markings from the pectoral fin base to the ventral fin base on both right and left sides of the abdomen that can be used to identify individuals in laboratory and in the field. In the present study we demonstrate the existence of such markings and the uniqueness of their shape in reared individuals of a further six species of Nemacheilidae, but found them absent in three species of Balitoridae. Furthermore, the long-term stability of the shape of the markings was examined in reared individuals of the nemacheilid Barbatula toni over two years. The white line markings offer a non-invasive tool for the individual recognition of nemacheilid species, some of which are threatened with extinction.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
45178. White Mountain and Black Fall of a State Ruled by the Estates /
- Creator:
- Pánek, Jaroslav,
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Dějiny Česka a Slovenska, bitva na Bílé hoře (1620), státy stavovské, krize společenské, povstání stavovská, české země 1526-1620, and stavovské povstání 1618, Bílá Hora, pobělohorský exil
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- unknown
45179. White plant shoots, wax-producing insects and other white structures made by arthropods: a mimicry complex?
- Creator:
- Yamazaki, Kazuo
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, vosky, pavouci, waxes, spiders, plant mimicry, anti-herbivore defence, cocoon, entomopathogenic fungus, spider egg sac, spittlebug froth, trichome, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Many insects masquerade as parts of plants, such as bark or leaves, or mimic poisonous organisms in order to defend themselves against predators. However, recent studies indicate that plants may mimic insects and other arthropods to deter herbivores. Here, I report visually similar white structures of plants and arthropods in Japan and suggest they are part of a mimicry complex. Young shoots covered with white trichomes or waxy substances may mimic wax-producing insects, such as woolly aphids, coccids and caterpillars, potentially resulting in reduced herbivory. Since wax-producing insects would reduce plant quality and quantity, be distasteful and attract natural enemies, herbivorous insects and mammals may avoid such white shoots. Furthermore, fungus-infected insects, gregarious braconid cocoons, spider egg sacs and froth made by froghopper nymphs or blasticotomid sawfly larvae are also conspicuously white and impose risks for herbivorous insects. Thus, these white structures may be mimicry models for white shoots and are likely to be part of a defensive mimicry complex. Although this study focuses on defence against herbivores, there are simultaneous physiological roles for white colouration that will not be discussed in depth here., Kazuo Yamazaki., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
45180. White-tailed deer winter feeding strategy in area shared with other deer species
- Creator:
- Homolka, Miloslav, Heroldová, Marta, and Bartoš, Luděk
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus, Czech Republic, Dama dama, diet analysis, fallow deer, Odocoileus virginianus, red deer, and roe deer
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- White-tailed deer were introduced into the Czech Republic about one hundred years ago. Population numbers have remained stable at low density despite almost no harvesting. This differs from other introductions of this species in Europe. We presumed that one of the possible factors preventing expansion of the white-tailed deer population is lack of high-quality food components in an area overpopulated by sympatric roe, fallow and red deer. We analyzed the WTD winter diet and diets of the other deer species to get information on their feeding strategy during a critical period of a year. We focused primarily on conifer needle consumption, a generally accepted indicator of starvation and on bramble leaves as an indicator of high-quality items. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) If the environment has a limited food supply, the poorest competitors of the four deer species will have the highest proportion of conifer needles in the diet ; (2) the deer will overlap in trophic niches and will share limited nutritious resource (bramble). White-tailed, roe, fallow, and red deer diets were investigated by microscopic analysis of plant remains in their faeces. The volume of bramble decreased in the diet of all four deer species from November to March. The content of conifer needles in the diet of white-tailed and roe deer was negatively correlated with bramble and in spring made up 90 % of their diet volume. On the other hand conifer needles in the diet of red and fallow deer occurred only in January with snow cover. Fallow and red deer started the compensation of winter starvation at least one monthearlier than both roe and white-tailed deer. a high content of conifers in white-tailed deer diet in the second half of the winter fully support the presumption about low nutritional food supply and its diet. It can lead to a markedly impaired condition for white-tailed and roe deer and negatively affect their condition. The dietary overlap of four sympatric deer species was extensive in winter. All species share a limited good quality food supply (bramble) when food is scarce, suggesting that interspecific competition may occur.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/