Autor se ve svém článku zabývá vývojem federálního soudnictví v USA v poslední dekádě 18. a první čtvrtině 19. století. Tuto problematiku se pak snaží především postihnout pod zorným úhlemdramatického ústavního vývoje, který v této době probíhal a v němž se nezřídka právě federální soudnictvíocitalo v prvé linii boje mezi oběma tehdejšími znepřátelenými frakcemi americké politiky – federalistya republikány.Nad celou touto problematikou se pak pochopitelně neodbytně vznáší i klíčová otázka po tom, kdo budedohlížet nad tím, zda akty státní moci jsou v souladu s ústavou, či nikoliv. Ačkoli tyto problémy jsou řešenyjiž na sklonku 18. století – autor v této souvislosti vyzvedává zejména Hamiltonův slavný „esej číslo 78“z „Listů federalistů“ o soudnictví, či přímo zákon o soudnictví z roku 1789 – za „zakladatelský věk“, kdyobrysy federálního soudnictví, jakož i otázka soudního přezkoumávání ústavnosti nabudou svých pevnýchtvarů, lze dle něj považovat také (a snad ještě více) první čtvrtinu 19. století.V článku je tak pochopitelněanalyzován i klíčový případ americké ústavní historie „Marbury v.Madison“, jakož i tzv. „economical cases“. and The author deals with the development of the federal judiciary in the United States in the last decade of the 18th and the first quarter of the 19th century, from the perspective of the dramatic constitutional developments that took place at that time and which often positioned federal judiciary in the front line of the battle between the two then warring factions of American politics – the Federalists and Republicans. This, of course, insistently raises the vital question of who supervises whether the acts of state are in accordance with the Constitution or not. Although these problems are dealt with in the late 18th century – the author in this context, especially highlights Hamilton’s famous “Essay No. 78” from the “Federalists Papers”, or even the Judiciary Act of 1789. The author concludes that the “founding Age”, which lays down the principles of federal judiciary, as well as the question of judicial review of constitutionality, and when they take their solid forms, can also be considered (and perhaps even more) to be the first quarter of the 19th century. The article obviously analyzed the key case of the U.S. constitutional
history “Marbury v.Madison” and the “economical cases”.
The author of this article reacts to a discussion study by Radim Šíp “How to Revive ‘Frozen’ Evolutionary Ontology” (Filosofický časopis, 62, 2014, No. 3). He argues that Šíp’s critique is unacceptable, as is his proposal for a radical reform of the doctrine of Josef Šmajs. He draws attention to Šíp’s misinterpretation of the evolutionary-ontological theory of information and to the consequences of this misinterpretation for the other arguments in Šíp’s text. Šmajs‘ diagnosis of the problematic relation of culture and nature consists in a cleavage between natural information (structural and semantic) and socio-cultural information (semantic and structural). Šíp, however, mistakenly supposes that in evolutionary ontology there is an opposition between semantic, experiential information (natural and cultural) on the one hand and structural, genetic information (natural) on the other. It is only because of this misinterpretation that Šíp can treat the conflict between culture and nature as a conflict between man and nature, subject and object. Only thus can he treat evolutionary ontology as early-modern metaphysics and call for the recognition of a greater continuity between nature and culture – for the “appreciation” of allegedly unappreciated socio-cultural information.
The study is a computer-assisted text analysis of corpora obtained from the web pages of nine volunteer, non-governmental organisations and interest groups. The analysis encompasses three areas of justice claims: trade unions (the relationship between employers and employees), feminism (the relationship between men and women), and human rights (the relationship between citizens, foreign nationals, and the state). The aim of the study, based on Foucaultian concepts, is to determine whether media communications are structured by the formative impact of the discourse of claim-making or justice. The main findings relate both to the content and the structure of textual production. First, the organisations examined do not make frequent use of normatively loaded words in their statements. The matter of justice is implicit in their texts. Second, the structure of the statements, represented by the thirty most frequently used words, exhibits a common pattern in all three areas studied. At the one end of the 'statement spectrum', there are words referring to the social situation of the contesting actors ('background'), while at the opposite end, words used in reference to their 'battlefield' (claim-making, bargaining and decision making) appear. This polar structure supports the hypothesis that the media communications of selected activist groups are influenced by the discourse of claim-making or justice.
Približne každý piaty Slovák je obézny a každý druhý má nadváhu. Z tohto dôvodu bol realizovaný projekt Diateens – projekt pre mládež na prevenciu diabetes mellitus. Záštitu nad projektom prevzala Slovenská diabetologická spoločnosť a slovenská kancelária WHO ako jeden z edukačných programov v rámci Národného diabetologického programu. Cieľom projektu bolo zlepšiť informovanosť mladých ľudí o ochorení diabetes mellitus, zmapovať ich zdravotný stav a podporiť zdravý životný štýl (zdravé správanie) ako významný komponent v prevencii proti uvedenému ochoreniu. Kľúčové slova: diabetes mellitus – Diateens – nadváha – obezita – prevencia – zdravie podporujúce správanie, Približne každý piaty Slovák je obézny a každý druhý má nadváhu. Z tohto dôvodu bol realizovaný projekt Diateens – projekt pre mládež na prevenciu diabetes mellitus. Záštitu nad projektom prevzala Slovenská diabetologická spoločnosť a slovenská kancelária WHO ako jeden z edukačných programov v rámci Národného diabetologického programu. Cieľom projektu bolo zlepšiť informovanosť mladých ľudí o ochorení diabetes mellitus, zmapovať ich zdravotný stav a podporiť zdravý životný štýl (zdravé správanie) ako významný komponent v prevencii proti uvedenému ochoreniu. Kľúčové slova: diabetes mellitus – Diateens – nadváha – obezita – prevencia – zdravie podporujúce správanie, and Viera Cviková, Adriana Ilavská
The article analyses the “Iron Curtain” as a Czech site of memory.
The official communist narrative denied the Western term “Iron Curtain” and asserted the legalistic argumentation of “state borders protection” supported by nationalistic and ideological arguments. After the fall of the regime in 1989 and the opening of the state borders, the Western “Iron Curtain” paradigm was adopted by the democratizing Czech society whereas the communist narrative
became marginalised. It did not disappear, though, and both interpretations, the “Iron Curtain” as a central part of the new mainstream discourse and the “state border protection” as a peripheral part of post-communist memory, have remained alive side by side. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
This article examines the nature of the relationship between the kind of textual politics, here referredto as ‘women’s writing’, and the dominant discursive practice of Czech culture, whoselogic and functioning is best encapsulated in the Derridean term ‘phallogocentrism’. Women’swriting is defined here as the kind of writing which locates itself outside the domain and logicof a phallogocentric discourse, trying to challenge and undermine its hegemonic status. In thisrespect, women’s writing is not delimited by the sex of an author, but by his/her gendered subjectivity,his/her position within the discursive formation, and his/her attitude to hegemonic languagepractices. Women’s writing, as understood in this thesis, critically reflects upon the role oflanguage as a decisive medium for our thinking, and questions the notion of subjectivity, whichis usually equated with the Cartesian Ego and conceived as an autonomous entity. Through itstextual strategies, women’s writing reflects upon the fact that we all are inevitably ‘inserted’ intolanguage. Consequently, rather than striving to free itself of – inevitable – discursive formationand constraints, it highlights the formative role of language by means of an ironic, palimpsest‑likere‑writingof conventional literary narratives, as well as by means of textual politics definedby the continuous displacement of meaning. The criticism of the phallogocentric concept of subjectivityis on the one hand informed by the decentring of the identity of the narrating subject,and on the other by one’s awareness of one’s epistemic situatedness within a particular discursivespace. The logic and economy of women’s writing is determined by the tension between itsdrive towards non‑phallogocentricdiscourse, and its paradoxical, yet inevitable dependence onsymbolic codes and hegemonic discursive practices. The subversive potential of women’s writing,as understood here, is thus not situated within a space seen as a radical ‘beyond’, but is directedinwards, into the fissures of the phallogocentric discourse itself.In order to exemplify the features of women’s writing, the article discusses a novel Slabikářotcovského jazyka (A Primer of the Father Tongue) by Sylvie Richterová (who is, apart fromSoučková, Linhartová, Hodrová, and Hrabal, one of the authors discussed in a monograph ofwhich the present article is an excerpt). Richterová’s novel, which may be read as a radical reassessmentof the genre of autobiography, is considered in the article a fragmented space ofmemory, which provides an ambiguous ground for an attempt to integrate a discontinuous identity,an integration that can never be fully accomplished. The paper then argues that one’s identitycan never be grasped as a full and unmediated presence due to both the nature of languagebased on the mechanism of constant deferral (Derrida) and the nature of always already splitsubjectivity based on an essential and constitutive lack (Lacan). Given this crucial yet impossibletask of achieving one’s identity in its full presence, what the text does is to enact textuallythe process of inevitable, benign ‘failure’. Thus, rather than a simple proposition, a meaning ora function of the text resides in recording textual traces of this profoundly meaningful ‘failure’. Ultimately,the article argues, the subversive potential of women’s writing can paradoxically only residein a strategic staging and performance of its very own discursive and epistemological limitsin process, or, as Miroslav Petříček puts it, as a pragmatic contradiction, which means that atthe textual and stylistic level, the text performs the exact opposite of what it conveys at the levelof its proposition.
In her essay, the author deals with the traditional position of woman in Jewish society. Although woman’s life role may seem very restricted and insignificant, according to the tradition, Jewish woman is considered to be the pillar of the family and the key element in passing on the Jewish tradition to future generations. Women’s participation in religious life is limited, yet their main attention is almost exclusively directed towards family and child raising. their absence from religious rituals is perceived as a positive element which enables women to fully concentrate on their most important role of a mother. Jewish families are traditionally large. Among Jewish woman’s main tasks is the observance of family purification rules, preparation of kosher food, arrangements for family celebrations of Sabbath and festivals and child raising. Attention is also paid to the basic principles of matrimonial cohabitation, to the educational opportunities of Jewish women in the past, their charitable and associational activities and the most frequent ways of earning their living.
The study deals with the policy towards the Jewish minority in Slovakia during the first years of the interwar Czechoslovak Republic. In particular it examines the attitudes, semantics and everyday praxis of the members of the new political establishment. Whilst they attempted to solve the "Jewish question" as soon as on the turn of the 19th and 20th century by establishing cooperatives, after the World War I they used their new governmental authority for revising the so-called "liquor licenses" which were seen as a "Jewish privilege". This emphasis on the "practical" or "humanitarian" antisemitism - significant for the Czech and Slovak populism since the late 19th century - merged in the postwar period with the aggressive campaign against the "Judeo-Bolshevism" which was alleged as a threat for the new Czechoslovak state. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou