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2. Development of coloration patterns in neotropical cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Cichlasomatinae)

Creator:
Říčan, Oldřich, Musilová, Zuzana, Muška, Milan, and Novák, Jindřich
Type:
article and TEXT
Subject:
ontogeny, color patterns, cichlidae, neotropics, and phylogeny
Language:
English
Description:
We present a developmental study focusing on the development of coloration patterns in a subgroup of Neotropical cichlids, the subfamily Cichlasomatinae. Based on the presented coloration ontogenetic series of 40 species we show that developmental information is a necessary prerequisite for any serious attempts in understanding adult coloration patterns. The center of our contribution is a detailed description of coloration ontogenies in a selected sample of cichlids and their discussion in a much wider taxonomical sampling. The pigmentation pattern ontogeny is specifically used to determine developmental homology of individual vertical bars. Early ontogeny is documented from the onset of the free-swimming period, which is also used as a point of reference for possible heterochronic shifts as presented here. A single universal process is responsible for the transformation of longitudinal melanophore migration lines into vertical bars, which form the dominant elements of adult coloration of most cichlids. Adult vertical bars vary interspecificaly in their numbers, whereas their ontogenetic precursors are stable in number across all surveyed species. The diversity of adult barring patterns is produced by differential fusions of a conserved number of developing bars, from which the different taxon specific numbers of adult bars develop. The possibility of determining individual homology of cichlid vertical bars is a prerequisite for the use of coloration pattern characters in cichlid phylogenetic studies. Several ontogenetic characters are formulated as synapomorphic at various systematic levels.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

3. Different hosts in different lakes: prevalence and population genetic structure of plerocercoids of Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda) in Czech water bodies

Creator:
Nazarizadeh, Masoud, Peterka, Jiří, Kubečka, Jan, Vašek, Mojmír, Jůza, Tomáš, Ribeiro de Moraes, Karlos, Čech, Martin, Holubová, Michaela, Souza, Allan T., Blabolil, Petr, Muška, Milan, Tsering, Lobsang, Bartoň, Daniel, Říha, Milan, Šmejkal, Marek, Tušer, Michal, Vejřík, Lukáš, Frouzová, Jaroslava, Jarić, Ivan, Prchalová, Marie, Vejříková, Ivana, and Štefka, Jan
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
tapeworm, Czech Republic, host specificity, freshwater, and fish parasite
Language:
English
Description:
Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) is a tapeworm parasite with a worldwide distribution that uses a wide variety of fish species as its second intermediate host. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence and population genetic structure of plerocercoids of L. intestinalis in five common cyprinoid species, roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus), freshwater bream Abramis brama (Linnaeus), white bream Blicca bjoerkna (Linnaeus), bleak Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus), and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus), collected in six water bodies of the Czech Republic (Milada, Most, Medard, Jordán, Římov and Lipno). Of the six study sites, the highest frequency of parasitism was recorded in Lake Medard (15%). The overall prevalence rate among the species was as follows: roach > rudd ≥ freshwater bream > bleak > white bream. Two mitochondrial genes (cytb and COI) were used to compare the population genetic structure of parasite populations using selected samples from the five fish species. The results of the phylogenetic analysis indicated that all populations of L. intestinalis were placed in Clade A, previously identified as the most common in Europe. At a finer scale, haplotype network and PCoA analyses indicated the possible emergence of host specificity of several mtDNA haplotypes to the freshwater bream. Moreover, pairwise Fixation indices (FST) revealed a significant genetic structure between the parasite population in freshwater bream and other host species. Parasite populations in roach not only showed the highest rate of prevalence but also depicted a maximum number of shared haplotypes with populations from bleak and rudd. Our results suggest that recent ecological differentiation might have influenced tapeworm populations at a fine evolutionary scale. Thus, the differences in prevalence between fish host species in different lakes might be influenced not only by the parasite's ecology, but also by its genetic diversity.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public