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Start Over Creator Mareš, Jiří Date Unknown

12. Psychometrické vlastnosti české verze Dotazníku obecné self- -efficacy u populace hospitalizovaných pacientů

Creator:
Hodačová, Lenka, Cígler, Hynek, Vachková, Eva, and Mareš, Jiří
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
self-efficacy, psychometrics, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Item Response Theory, hospitalized patients, psychometrické vlastnosti, Dotazník obecné self-efficacy, teorie odpovědi na položku, and hospitalizovaní pacienti
Language:
Czech
Description:
Objectives. The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Czech version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) in the group of hospitalized patients. Sample and setting. The sample contained 386 respondents hospitalized in the Faculty hospital Hradec Kralove. The Czech version of GSES was used. Statistical analysis. All the analyses were performed in the R environment. Factor structure was tested using Item Response Theory (IRT), namely two-parameters Graded Response model. This model was used also for testing measurement invariance for men and women. T-tests and linear model to test relation between GSES and demographical variables were used. Percentile norms were constructed using kernel smoothed cumulative distribution for men and women separately. Results. The score of the scale ranged from 15 to 40 points with an average of M = 30.86 (SD = 6.05). The results suggest that the Czech version of the GSES has satisfactory psychometric properties, the internal consistency is on high level (Cronbach,s α = 0.924; ωt = 0.938). Even though the analysis of the structure of the questionnaire showed to be slightly twodimensional, the correlation of the two factors is quite high. This implies the potential of working with one universal questionnaire score. Of all monitored variables, only gender had statistically significant influence over the perceived self-efficacy, the scale was invariant for both genders. The differences between clinics were very small, only the respondents from psychiatric clinic achieved statistically significant lower score. Study limitations. The limits of the study come from its cross-sectional character and the fact that the choice of respondents was not representative. Data are based on subjective statements coming from respondents hospitalized with various health problems. and Cíle. Cílem práce bylo zjistit psychometrické vlastnosti české verze Dotazníku obecné self- -efficacy (General Self-Efficacy Scale – GSES) u populace hospitalizovaných pacientů. Vzorek a metodika. Sledovaný soubor činil 386 respondentů hospitalizovaných ve Fakultní nemocnici Hradec Králové. Byla použita česká verze dotazníku General Self-Efficacy Scale. Statistická analýza. Veškeré analýzy byly provedeny v prostředí R. Faktorová struktura byla ověřována s využitím teorie odpovědi na položku (Item Response Theory), a to pomocí dvouparametrového Graded Response Modelu. Tento byl použit i pro ověření invariance měření mezi muži a ženami. Pro hodnocení vztahu obecné self-efficacy s demografickými proměnnými byla použita lineární regrese a t-testy. Percentilové normy byly sestrojeny pomocí vyhlazené kumulativní distribuční funkce pro muže a ženy zvláště. Výsledky. Celkový skór škály se pohyboval v rozmezí 15–40 bodů s průměrem M = 30,86 (SD = 6,05). Psychometrické vlastnosti české verze dotazníku GSES jsou dobré, vnitřní konzistence je vysoká (Cronbachovo α = 0,924; ωt = 0,938). Struktura dotazníku je spíše dvoudimenzionální, korelace obou faktorů je však velmi vysoká. Je tedy smysluplné pracovat s jediným celkovým skórem dotazníku. Ze všech sledovaných proměnných pouze pohlaví mělo statisticky významný vliv na vnímanou self- -efficacy (SE), škála byla pro obě pohlaví invariantní. Rozdíly mezi klinikami byly velmi malé, pouze respondenti z psychiatrické kliniky dosahovali statisticky významně nižšího skóru oproti respondentům z ostatních klinik. Limity studie. Limity studie vyplývají z jejího průřezového charakteru a skutečnosti, že výběr respondentů nebyl reprezentativní. Data jsou založena na subjektivních výpovědích; jedná se o respondenty hospitalizované s různými zdravotními potížemi.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

15. Ten propositions about Munich 1938: on the fateful event of Czech and European history - without legends and national stereotypes

Creator:
Smetana, Vít and Mareš, Jiří
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Munich Agreement, Czechoslovakia, and history
Language:
English
Description:
This essay examines, in ten clearly formulated propositions, the causes and the long-term impact of the Munich Agreement of September 1938. This complex theme is approached through not purely national lenses. The term ''betrayal'' as a dominant label of the actions of the two West European democratic powers is thus questioned. The author claims that the British and French unwillingness to go to war because of Czechoslovakia’s border regions is, in the light of previous historical developments, understandable and, in a way, even rational. He also points out certain defi ciencies in the Czechoslovak treatment of its German minority. At the same time, Czechoslovakia’s political leaders were playing a strange game with their people in September 1938, alternately stirring up and moderating their patriotic feelings - depending on where the behind-the-scenes negotiations on Czechoslovak border regions were heading at a given moment. Also the alleged Soviet preparedness to come to Czechoslovakia’s assistance in September 1938 is more than questionable; Stalin intended to intervene only in a European war, not to help lonesome Czechoslovakia. Nonetheless, Munich has had, and unfortunately continues to have, a fundamental infl uence on the Czech ''mental map'' of Europe. The lesson according to which the West should not be trusted and it would therefore be advisable to look for protection and alliance in the East still lives on in minds of a number of Czech politicians and of a not negligible segment of the public. On the other hand, the ''lessons of Munich,'' according to which it is not advisable to make concessions to any aggression or blackmailing, became a part of policies of Western statesmen confronting expansionist dictatorships, and the other life of Munich thus continued to complicate the use of ''negotiations'' as a method of dealing with international crises by Western politicians in the Cold War and beyond. and Přeložil Jiří Mareš
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

17. The colourfulness of prefab grey: Skřivánková, Lucie - Švácha, Rostislav - Novotná, Eva - Jirkalová, Karolina (ed.): Paneláci 1: Padesát sídlišť v českých zemích. Kritický katalog k cyklu výstav Příběh paneláku [The Paneláks 1: Fifty housing estates in the Czech Lands. Critical catalogue of a series of exhibitions “A story of a panelák”]; Skřivánková, Lucie - Švácha, Rostislav - Koukalová, Martina - Novotná, Eva (ed.): Paneláci 2: Historie sídlišť v českých zemích 1945-1989. Kritický katalog k výstavě Bydliště – panelové sídliště: Plány, realizace, bydlení 1945-1989 [The Paneláks 2: The history of housing estates in the Czech Lands 1945-1989. Critical catalogue of the exhibition “Residence - housing estate: Plans, realization, housing 1945-1989]

Creator:
Roubal, Petr and Mareš, Jiří
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Czechoslovakia, prefab houses, prefab housing schemes, architecture, housing, and Communist regime
Language:
English
Description:
Both collective publications (Prefab houses 1: Fifty prefab housing schemes in the Czech Lands. A critical catalogue of the “Prefab house story” series of exhibitions and Prefab houses 2: History of housing schemes in the Czech Lands 1945–1989. A critical catalogue of the “Residence – prefab housing scheme: Planning, realization, housing 1945–1989” exhibition) are products of a broadly conceived interdisciplinary research project the deliverables of which included, inter alia, exhibitions in Prague and all regional capitals of the Czech Republic and which were awarded the prestigious Magnesia Litera prize in 2018 as an extraordinary feat in the fi eld of professional and educational literature. In the reviewer’s opinion, they bring the fi rstever systematic attempt to periodize the prefab-based building projects in the Czech part of the former Czechoslovakia between the mid-1940s and the end of the 1980s, at the same time providing a multifaceted characterization based on a representative sample of fifty prefab housing schemes in Bohemia and Moravia. and Each of them was subjected to a thorough artistic-historical analysis outlining the development of the housing scheme’s concept, providing brief information about its authors, describes its urbanistic concept, prefab technology used, and artefacts and decorations. Added to the above is a set of interdepartmental studies analyzing different aspects of the historical development of prefab housing schemes. The compact collective of authoresses and authors has succeeded in presenting the prefab housing schemes, no matter how similar they may seem, as a varied and dynamically developing phenomenon, which fact is underlined by excellent work with archival photographs and the generally outstanding graphic layout of the publications. The only critical comment the reviewer has is that the authors were so absorbed by the architectural aspect of the matter that they tended to overlook substantial changes of the socialist urbanism in Czechoslovakia.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

19. The Ukrainian factor of the Prague Spring?: Petro Shelest and the Czechoslovak year 1968 in the light of documents of the Ukrainian security service

Creator:
Veselý, Luboš and Mareš, Jiří
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Ukraine, Czechoslovakia, Prague Spring 1968, Petro Shelest, Soviet intervention, and KGB
Language:
English
Description:
Petro Shelest (1908–1997), the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was one of the strongest advocates of an armed invasion of Czechoslovakia among Soviet leaders in 1968. The Soviet leadership tasked him to maintain contacts with the so-called healthy forces in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia; in the beginning of August, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Vasil Biľak (1917–2014) secretly handed over to him the notorious “letter of invitation” in public lavatories in Bratislava. The author asks a fundamental question whether it is possible to identify a specific Ukrainian factor which stepped into the Prague Spring process and contributed to its tragic end. He attempts to capture Shelest’s position in the decision-making process and describe information that Shelest was working with., To this end, he has made use of reports of the Committee for State Security (Komitet gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti – KGB) of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on developments in Czechoslovakia and reactions thereto among Ukrainian citizens produced in the spring and summer of 1968, which were being sent to Shelest and other Ukrainian leaders. These documents have lately been made available in Ukrainian archives and partly published on the website of the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes. Their analysis brings the author to a conclusion that they were offering a considerably distorted picture of the situation. Instead of relevant information and analyses, they only present various clichés, ideological rhetoric, inaccuracies, or downright nonsenses. Their source were often members of the Czechoslovak State Security who were often motivated by worries about their own careers and existence and were acting on their own., and The uncritical acceptance of the documents contributed to a situation in which in the leader of the Ukrainian Communists and other Soviet representatives were creating unrealistic pictures of the events taking place in Czechoslovakia, believing that anti-socialist forces were winning, anti-Soviet propaganda was prevailing, and Western intelligence agencies were strengthening their position in Czechoslovakia, and that there was a threat that the events that had taken place in Hungary in 1956 would repeat themselves again. As indicated by his published diary entries and other documents, Petro Shelest was using these allegations both in discussions inside his own party and during negotiations with Czechoslovak politicians. Just like in the case of the leaders of Polish and East German Communists, Władysław Gomułka and Walter Ulbricht, respectively, the principal reason why Shelest was promoting a solution of the Czechoslovak crisis by force was, in the author’s opinion, his fear of “contagion” of his own society by events taking place in Czechoslovakia which the Ukraine shared a border with.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

20. Unreached 90th birthday of Milan Otáhal

Creator:
Tůma, Oldřich and Mareš, Jiří
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Language:
English
Description:
Milan Otáhal (1928-2017) was a leading historian studying the contemporary history of Czechoslovakia. In the 1960s, he was the head of the Department of Modern History of the Historical Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences; in the early 1970s, he lost his job at the institute and was expelled from the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. He was one of the fi rst signatories of Charter 77 and was active in the historical samizdat as an independent historian. Since the 1990s, his scientifi c activity was connected with the newly established Institute for Contemporary History. His main focus was the history of the anti-regime opposition and of the society between 1969 and 1989, and the role of students and intelligentsia in the change of the political situation in the end of the 1980s. He wrote a number of factographically rich and interpretationally distinctive publications on these topics. The author of the obituary mentions principal contributions of Milan Otáhal to the knowledge and understanding of Czechoslovakiaʼs most recent history, emphasizing that he was a historian who was not only intellectually refl ecting the period he was living in, but who was also intensively experiencing and co-creating it. and Přeložil: Jiří Mareš
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public