A two dimensional stochastic differential equation is suggested as a stochastic model for the Kermack-McKendrick epidemics. Its strong (weak) existence and uniqueness and absorption properties are investigated. The examples presented in Section 5 are meant to illustrate possible different asymptotics of a solution to the equation.
The article delimits emotionality and presents a brief survey of research of emotional interjections. The methodology of the research (the issues of classification of the semantic field of emotionality, semantics of interjections, selection of the analysed texts) is outlined. The core of the paper consists in the characteristics of the five basic types of emotions, described on the basis of the material of interjections: (1) psychical states, e.g. pleasure-displeasure, joy, sadness, relief, surprise etc., (2) egoistic emotions (e.g. fear), (3) altruistic emotions (e.g. liking-antipathy, mistrust, admiration, wrath etc.), (4) esthetical emotions (beauty, disgust), (5) ethical emotions (e.g. pity). The sixth part of the article investigates the displays and consequences of emotions (for example, laughing and crying are expressed by onomatopoeic interjections. The general conclusions of the paper are represented by the findings that emotional interjections often have no inherent meaning, but these interjections are usually polysemic (as one interjection expresses more emotions, e.g. ach, bože), and that some emotions are expressed by a number of synonymous interjections (e.g. ''joy'' jupí, juchú, ach, joj, jé, páni, bože etc.).
This paper proposes a stochastic diffusion model for the spread of a susceptible-infective- removed Kermack–McKendric epidemic (M1) in a population which size is a martingale Nt that solves the Engelbert–Schmidt stochastic differential equation (2). The model is given by the stochastic differential equation (M2) or equivalently by the ordinary differential equation (M3) whose coeffients depend on the size Nt. Theorems on a unique strong and weak existence of the solution to (M2) are proved and computer simulations performed.
The article deals with one type of subordinate clauses expressing causality, namely pronominal-particle clauses in the present Czech. The incorporation of these clauses into the head clause lies in the fact that they express broadly understood causal meanings of adverbial subordinate clauses using primary and secondary prepositions and multiple-word units together with the pronoun to, which anticipates the subordinate clause introduced by the connecting particles že, aby. Data from the Czech National Corpus concerning subordinate clauses of cause (reason), purpose, condition and concession are analysed from the point of view of the Czech language (grammar) system.
The article offers a semantic classification of pronominal-adverb clauses expressing broad manner. The pronoun ten incorporated into the head clause most often by a secondary preposition or as a part of a multiverbation unit anticipates a subordinate clause of broad manner introduced by a pronominal relative adverb. The centre of broad-manner clauses is formed by clauses expressing narrow manner, extent or degree, means, accompanying circumstances. Clauses expressing exception and respect are close to the periphery. The periphery is formed by clauses expressing appropriate action and clauses with a relationship of attachment.
In the frame of the formal-semantic level description of the language system, complex sentence with paratactic subordinate clauses is delimited on the complex-sentence element level. In this type of complex sentence, subordinate clauses of the same complex-sentence element role are connected by a paratactic (from the formal-semantic point of view) connective (special paratactic connectives are found in apposition). A classifikacion of complex sentences with paratactic subordinate clauses is presented as a hierarchized complex-sentence system. In the first phase of the classification, a given complex sentence containing three or more clauses is classified according to the semantic-syntactic relationships (coordination, restricted coordination, determination, restricted determination, apposition). In the second phase, in coordination (or restricted coordination) and apposition, either the hypotactic connective is repeated, or the individual subordinate clauses are introduced by different connectives; coordination display also ellipsis of the hypotactic connective in the second clause. In the third phase of classification, semantic relationships among the subordinate clauses (copulative, escalating, adversative, disjunctive) are identified in coordination; in the various hypotactic connectives, their word-class role is noticed.
On the basis of the material of the corpus SYN, the article deals, at first, with the description of morphologically frozen expressions jakživ, jaktěživ with an adverbial meaning ''never'' in negative clauses, while these expressions are, due to their ending, in syntactic agreement in gender and number with the grammatical subject. Also this agreement in positive clauses, where the frozen expressions mean ''ever (in one’s life)'', is briefly mentioned. However, the principal aim of the article is to show that the syntactic adverbialisation of these expressions in negative clauses causes the disturbance of this agreement, cf. jaktěživo neměl názor ''never in his life had he an opinion'', while there are two possible results of this adverbialisation: the forms of neuter jaktěživo, jakživo are more common in Bohemia, while the forms of masculine jaktěživ, jakživ are used rather in Moravia. The author interprets the frequency of both concordant and non-concordant (frozen) expressions, ordered according to their descending frequency in SYN.